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Recombinant DNA Technology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Transgenic animals are used as experimental models to perform phenotypic tests with genes whose function is unknown. Genetic modification can also produce animals that are susceptible to certain compounds or stresses for testing in biomedical research. In biological research, transgenic fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are model organisms used to study the effects of genetic changes on development. Fruit flies are often preferred over other animals because of their short life cycle, low maintenance requirements, and relatively simple genome compared with many vertebrates. Transgenic mice are often used to study cellular and tissue-specific responses to disease. This is possible because mice can be created with the same mutations that occur in human genetic disorders. The production of the human disease in these mice allows treatments to be tested. In 2009, scientists in Japan announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) and produced a stable line of breeding transgenic primates for the first time. It is hoped that this will aid research into human diseases that cannot be studied in mice, such as Huntington’s disease and strokes.
Recombinant DNA technology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Transgenic animals are used as experimental models to perform phenotypic tests with genes whose function is unknown. Genetic modification can also produce animals that are susceptible to certain compounds or stresses for testing in biomedical research. In biological research, transgenic fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are model organisms used to study the effects of genetic changes on development. Fruit flies are often preferred to other animals due to their short life cycle, low maintenance requirements, and relatively simple genome compared with many vertebrates. Transgenic mice are often used to study cellular and tissue-specific responses to disease. This is possible since mice can be created with the same mutations that occur in human genetic disorders. The production of human diseases in these mice then allows treatments to be tested. In 2009, scientists in Japan announced that they had successfully transferred a gene into a primate species (marmosets) and produced a stable line of breeding transgenic primates for the first time. It is hoped that this will aid research into human diseases that cannot be studied in mice, such as Huntington’s disease and strokes.
Animal models and mechanisms of tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Priya Upadhyay, Ching-Wen Wu, Alexa Pham, Amir A. Zeki, Christopher M. Royer, Urmila P. Kodavanti, Minoru Takeuchi, Hasan Bayram, Kent E. Pinkerton
Mice are commonly used to model lung disease. Advantages include low cost, easy handling, rapid reproductive turnover with large litters, and a potential for genetic manipulation that fosters their use over other animal species for lab research. This is because the mouse genome is similar to humans, diverse inbred strains are well-characterized, and generation of transgenic mice provides a rapid and relatively inexpensive approach to determine the exact function of particular genes (Gurumurthy and Lloyd 2019; Vandamme 2014). The wide availability of mouse antibodies and molecular probes are additional advantages. Mouse models of COPD include emphysema-like phenotypes induced by administration of elastase (Jo et al. 2022; Mano et al. 2022) or an extract solution of cigarette smoke (Yang et al. 2022), bronchitis and emphysema phenotypes induced by whole body or nose-only TS exposure (Pelgrim et al. 2022; Shapiro et al. 2003), and other COPD phenotypes initiated chemically by nitrogen dioxide or sulfur dioxide (Groneberg and Chung 2004).