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Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Aqueous humor is a clear fluid that is secreted by the ciliary body via the filtration of blood passing through the ciliary body capillaries. It has several functions including maintaining the shape of the eye by controlling its pressure, providing nutrition to the cornea and lens, and providing transport of waste materials away from surrounding tissues. The aqueous humor is composed mainly of water; high concentrations of ascorbic acid, glucose, and amino acids; and limited levels of proteins. Aqueous humor flows from the ciliary body in the posterior chamber (behind the iris) into the anterior chamber (between the iris and the cornea). Aqueous humor flows out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork (a network of collagen fibers and endothelial-like trabecular cells) into Schlemm’s canal and through the uveoscleral route [24]. The entire volume of the aqueous humor is about 0.2 mL and is replaced every 1–2 h [19]. Maintaining the intraocular pressure (IOP) of 10–20 mmHg is a balancing act of production and drainage.
Current state of artificial intelligence applications in ophthalmology and their potential to influence clinical practice
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Dasharathraj K Shetty, Abhiroop Talasila, Swapna Shanbhag, Vathsala Patil, B.M Zeeshan Hameed, Nithesh Naik, Adithya Raju
Glaucoma is a condition that is due to increase in intraocular pressure, which subsequently affects the optic nerve. When it is not detected early, glaucoma can lead to permanent visual loss (Wang et al., 2019). For individuals 40–80 years old, the global prevalence of glaucoma is 3.4%, and it is forecast that around 112 million people are impacted globally by 2040. The improvements of disease detection, assessing the progressive structural and functional harm, optimizing therapy for visual impairment, and precise long-term forecasts would be both welcome by clinicians and patients (Galilea et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2019). Glaucoma is an optic nerve disorder that is clinically manifested by enhanced optic nerve head (ONH) classified by excavation and neuroretinal edge erosion. However, because the ONH region differs by five, almost no Cup to Disk Ratio (CDR) describes pathological cupping, preventing the detection of a disease. The most common type of glaucoma is Open-angle glaucoma, which occurs when fluid does not flow normally out of the trabecular meshwork. Most glaucoma patients suffer from high intraocular pressure (IOP) which leads to and retinal nerve fiber layer defects with concomitant damage to the optic nerve, which leads to visual loss. Early diagnosis and automatic detection in older patients has proven to be highly beneficial. Apreutesei et al. (Apreutesei et al., 2018) attempted to establish a relation between open-angle glaucoma and diabetes in patients. Fundus images were pre-processed and trained using a back-propagation algorithm. The feed forward neural model with parameters like cup-disc ratio, intraocular pressure, glycosylated haemoglobin levels attained an accuracy of 95%.
Mimetic finite difference methods for restoration of fundus images for automatic detection of glaucoma suspects
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2022
Jorge Villamizar, Giovanni Calderón, Julio Carrillo, Lola Bautista Rozo, Juan Carrillo, Juan Rueda, José Castillo
Glaucoma is an irreversible disease that compromises the eye optic nerve, which, when untreated, often leads to blindness. Besides, its asymptomatic character makes diagnosis difficult and requires treatment once detected. According to the World Health Organization (WHO date unknown), the most common types of glaucoma are two. The first, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), in which the iridocorneal angle is open (unobstructed) and regular in appearance without aqueous outflow is diminished (Kwon et al. 2009). The second, angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), in which the intraocular pressure rises rapidly as a result of a relatively sudden blockage of the trabecular meshwork (AAO date unknown).
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Pediatric Ocular Pathology: Imaging Study of 115 eyes
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
The anterior chamber depth and configuration; a detailed assessment of the anterior chamber angle structures, including the iris root, angle recess, Schlemm’s canal, scleral spur, in some cases anterior ciliary body and anterior trabecular meshwork were done. Anterior chamber cells, exudate, and hyphema could be visualized as well as synechiae of the iris with the lens and cornea. Abnormal angle tissue and iris pathology, including flattening, tears, holes, and iridodialyses, were examined as well. Post-operative pseudophakic children or trauma cases were also evaluated in order to monitor intraocular lens (IOL) position and surgical integrity.