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Biodistribution, Toxicity and Regulatory Considerations of Dendrimers
Published in Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Keerti Jain, Dendrimers in Nanomedicine, 2021
Anisha D’Souza, Pratikkumar Patel
The first commercially available therapeutic dendrimer was VivaGel®, a topical gel containing astodrimer sodium, SPL7013 and polyanionic poly(L-lysine) (PLL) for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis developed by StarPharma Holding Limited (Melbourne, Australia) (Kannan et al. 2014; Moura et al. 2019). The gel has received phase III approval for bacterial vaginosis therapy. In a similar line, another dendrimer based on poly(lysine) containing docetaxel (DEP® docetaxel) has advanced to Phase II trials for solid types of cancer.
Nanopulse Stimulation Therapy
Published in Marko S. Markov, James T. Ryaby, Erik I. Waldorff, Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields for Clinical Applications, 2020
The NPS procedure demonstrated high effectiveness in removing SKs treated once with 82% of lesions rated as clear or mostly clear after 106 days. As a comparison, the only FDA-approved drug therapy using a proprietary hydrogen peroxide topical gel formulation applied up to two times in two phase 3 trials resulted in 51% of lesions scored as clear or mostly clear after 106 days (Baumann et al., 2018).
The Chemistry of Hazardous Materials
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Exposure to HF acid or its vapors requires immediate medical assistance. Depending upon the type and nature of exposure, as well as the concentration of the HF acid, flushing the affected area(s) with copious amounts of water is recommended (15 minutes or longer), followed by treatment with calcium gluconate topical gel/ointment or injections by trained professionals.
Recent update on alginate based promising transdermal drug delivery systems
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Sreejan Manna, Prajna Gupta, Gouranga Nandi, Sougata Jana
Topical gels are effective options for obtaining localized effect on skin. Gels can be defined as semisolid preparations exhibiting an external solvent medium which may be of hydrophilic or hydrophobic behaviour maintaining a three-dimensional structure in which it is immobilized. They generally have a rigid nature with elastic behaviour [112]. Gels are found to have a wide range of applications including food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [113,114]. Due to higher water content present in gels, they exhibit a better dissolution profile for incorporated medicaments and also facilitating migration of drug molecules through vesicular transport. The aqueous content of gels can help to retain the moisture hydrating the skin which aids drug penetration through skin [115]. Depending on the nature of liquid phase, gels are conventionally categorized into two types—organogels and hydrogels. Organogels or oleogels contain either oily or non-polar liquid phase where the organic liquid is entrapped in three dimensional thermoreversible gel network [116]. Organogels can be formed due to formation of hydrogen bonds or weak Van der Waals force between molecules [117]. Edible oils including olive oil and almond oil, organic solvents including benzene and waxes such as, carnauba wax, candelilla wax and sugarcane wax are widely used to develop organogels [118]. Hydrogels composed of three dimensional polymeric networks made of a hydrophilic gel forming polymer able to absorb excess amounts of water. Physical or chemical cross linking may be used to form hydrogel networks through hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals attraction force or entanglements of polymeric chains. Chemical cross linking leads to formation of permanent gelled matrices through covalently attached networks, whereas physical cross linking is often reversible, and known as reversible hydrogels [119–121]. Alginate, carbopol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose are few commonly used polymers for topical gel formulation [21,122].