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History and Overview of Neural Engineering
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Daniel J. DiLorenzo and Robert E. Gross
ere are several factors that have contributed to the success of the cochlear implant. (1) Welldeveloped foundation of basic science, particularly in the area of auditory neurophysiology. (2) Focused and coordinated research programs and funding, including that of the NIH Neural Prosthesis Program. (3) Clinician champions who were active in the research and facilitated its clinical acceptance as early adopters themselves and as thought leaders. (4) Cochlear anatomy, including the tonotopic arrangement of sensory receptors and their protection by a bony encasement, facilitating stable chronic neuroelectric interfacing. Because of this surgically accessible anatomy, an electrode array may be placed and press chronically against a rigid surface while being in close proximity to neural cells, without the risk of damage to or migration through so neural tissues. is neural interfacing problem is a major hurdle in the development of visual, somatosensory, and motor prostheses, which generally must interface directly with so neural tissues, which are subject to perpetually changing forces and displacements.
Hearing, Proprioception, and the Chemical Senses
Published in Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, 2018
Robert W. Proctor, Van Zandt Trisha
The auditory cortex also exhibits a tonotopic organization (Palmer, 1995). Further, many cortical cells respond to relatively simple features of stimulation. They show on responses, off responses, or on-off responses. Other cells respond to more complex sounds, such as bursts of noise or clicks. One type of cell is called a frequency sweep detector. It responds only to changes in frequency that occur in specific directions (higher or lower) within a limited frequency range. In short, as in the visual cortex, the neurons of the auditory cortex are specialized for extracting important features of stimulation.
Disorders of Hearing
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Linda M. Luxon, Ronald Hinchcliffe
Hearing loss associated with brainstem pathology is rare because of the multiplicity of pathways and decussations above the cochlear nuclei, and the symmetrical tonotopic organization subserved by the auditory nuclei at all levels. The asymmetrical low-frequency loss has been demonstrated in animals with focal brainstem lesions and has been confirmed in a study of well-defined midline brainstem lesions in humans (Cohen et al., 1996).
Obstructive sleep apnea risk and hearing impairment among occupational noise-exposed male workers
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Seunghyeon Cho, Won-Ju Park, Ji-Sung Ahn, Dae-Young Lim, Su-Hwan Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
Previous studies have been conducted to examine the association of OSA and hearing impairment primarily in patients who visited a hospital with snoring, sleep apnea, or sleep disorder.6,7,13–18 These studies have suggested that OSA, especially severe OSA, is associated with hearing impairment. In a study by Chopra et al., increased OSA severity was associated with hearing loss at both high and low frequencies in Hispanic population.6 Similarly, in our study, the hearing thresholds of the high-risk OSA group at a frequency of 1, 2, 3 and 4 kHz in each ear were higher than those of the low-risk OSA group. The high OSA risk elevated the risk of hearing impairment in all models. However, in the analysis performed by reclassifying hearing impairment into high- and low-frequency, high-risk OSA group showed a significant association only with high-frequency hearing impairment compared with the low-risk OSA group. These results are consistent with those of studies reporting hearing loss only at higher frequencies.13,14 It is also consistent with the results of a study by Yu Li et al. that evaluated OSA using STOP-Bang questionnaire in middle-aged men.45 This can be explained by the following. Inner and outer hair cells of the organ of Corti respond to sound frequencies according to their tonotopic arrangement; high-frequency sounds localize to the base of the cochlea. The base of the organ of Corti is supplied by end arterioles without anastomoses, and thus, it may be more vulnerable to hypoxemia and fluctuations in oxygen than areas of the retina remote from the fovea centralis.46,47