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Algae as a Source of Polysaccharides and Potential Applications
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Sonal Tiwari, E Amala Claret, Vikas S. Chauhan
In blood coagulation, fucoidan fraction from Nemacystus decipiens can increase the amount of plasminogen activator inhibitor: tissue plasminogen activator, which has fibrinolytic activity and can be utilized as an antithrombotic medication. The administration of low molecular weight fucoidan decreased the development of arterial thrombosis (Cui et al., 2018). Fucoidans isolated from Ecklonia cava were investigated for their anticoagulant effects by measuring prothrombin time, thrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time (Athukorala et al., 2006). The anticoagulant activity of a sulfated ramified polysaccharide isolated from Codium divaricatum was shown to be dose-dependent (Li et al., 2015). The synthesis and distribution of sulphate groups in the structure of sulfated galactan impact venous antithrombotic and anticoagulant properties. There are also higher anticoagulant effects with higher sulfate-content carrageenans, such as λ-carrageenans, than with lower sulfate-content carrageenans like κ-carrageenans (Necas and Bartosikova, 2013).
Toxic Effects of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Humans and the Environment
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Sanjay Dey, Bhaskar Mazumder, Supriya Datta
To understand the mechanism of toxicity of NPs, a detailed comparative study of toxic responses of nano- and micron-sized Fe2O3 NPs is required. The impact of the Fe2O3 NPs on the pulmonary and coagulation system has been explored, and was followed by further investigation into toxicity potential and important toxicity-related factors (the size, dosage, and exposure time). Fe2O3 NPs of a size between 22 and 280 nm were intratracheally instilled to male Sprague-Dawley rats at low (0.8 mg/kg bw) and high (20 mg/kg bw) doses, respectively. Then toxic effects were monitored at one, seven, and 30 days post-instillation. Oxidative stress-related lung injury was induced with nano-sized Fe2O3 particles, which are more potent than submicron-sized ones. Alveolar macrophages were overloaded with the phagocytized NPs and the pro-sign of lung fibrosis was triggered. Moreover, Fe2O3 NPs affected the coagulation process, as shown by the prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). These two are the typical coagulation parameters measured at the thirtieth day post-installation (Zhu et al., 2008). Weak pulmonary fibrosis was developed at the thirtieth day post-exposure in adult male Wister rats when a single dose of 5 mg/kg of Fe2O3 NPs was instilled (Szalay et al., 2012).
Case studies: urgent decisions in interventional radiology
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
A 59-year-old man presented with worsening left leg claudication. The patient had a history of claudication for the past 2 years, progressing from approximately 300 yards to less than 50 yards. He had no history of other cardiovascular disease. His serum cholesterol had been noted to be mildly elevated, but he received no treatment for this, apart from the suggestion of a low-fat diet. He had a history of 80 pack-years of cigarette smoking. Serum creatinine, prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were all within normal limits. The patient was referred for angiography, and an initial evaluation demonstrated a normal right femoral pulse with a moderately diminished left femoral pulse. The ankle-brachial artery index was 0.85 on the right and 0.55 on the left. Angiography was performed utilizing the left percutaneous femoral approach. This showed moderate atherosclerotic disease in the aorta, moderate diffuse disease in the right iliac system, a normal left common iliac artery and a 75 per cent stenosis over approximately 2 cm in the left external iliac artery. Moderate disease was seen more distally, with one vessel runoff bilaterally.
Nanomaterial-induced toxicity in pathophysiological models representative of individuals with pre-existing medical conditions
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Sreejesh Sreedharan, Georgios Zouganelis, Samantha J Drake, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ali Kermanizadeh
In an investigation Ferdous et al. (2022) determined in 10-week-old male and female BALB/c mice (model representative of healthy individual) and angiotensin II exposed mice (a model for hypertension), the toxicity of approximately 40 nm PEGylated Au NMs. In these trials, the animals received a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of the NMs via intratracheal instillation on 4 occasions (on days 7, 14, 21, and 28) post-angiotensin II or vehicle infusion and were sacrificed on day 29. It was noted that NMs produced significant shortening of the thrombotic occlusion time in the arterioles and the venules of the diseased mice as compared to controls. In addition, the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were exacerbated following NM exposure in hypertensive mice compared to healthy NM exposed animals. A similar pattern to the above was observed for the concentrations of fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 Finally, the plasma levels of nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were markedly increased in the diseased animals as compared to healthy mice exposed to the materials at the same dosage regimen. The observations from this study demonstrate enhanced NM-induced adverse effects in the hypertension models (Ferdous et al. 2022).
Physicochemical and blood compatibility characteristics of garlic incorporated polyurethane nanofibrous scaffold for wound dressing applications
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2019
Mohan Prasath Mani, Saravana Kumar Jaganathan
Tecoflex EG-80A, a medical grade PU was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The solvent used for dissolving the PU is dimethylformamide (DMF) was purchased from Merck. Garlic was purchased from AEON, Johor, Malaysia. During the purchase, we bought sufficient amount of garlic to ensure that all experiments are performed using the same batch of garlic procured. The purchased garlic was stored in the refrigerator for further use. The chemicals – phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and sodium chloride physiological saline (0.9% w/v) used in the coagulation assays were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) reagents such as rabbit brain activated cephaloplastin, calcium chloride (0.025 M) and thromboplastin (factor III) were purchased from Diagnostic Enterprises, Solan, India.
Cholesterol removal from human plasma with biologically modified cryogels
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Gizem Uzunoğlu, Duygu Çimen, Nilay Bereli, Kemal Çetin, Adil Denizli
The interactions between human blood and cryogel matrices were investigated by measuring the following parameters; coagulation time (CT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) [25]. P(HEMA) and P(HEMA)-Hp cryogels were kept in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) at room temperature for 24 h. Then the cryogels were washed with 0.5 M NaCl solution and DW. Fresh frozen human plasma (0.1 mL) was preheated to 37 °C for 2.0 min and cryogels were treated with the human plasma. The clotting time was measured using the fibrometer method [26]. For APTT and PT, before adding cryogels, 0.3 mL of partial thromboplastin (bioMerieux, Marcy-l’Etoile, France) was also added to preheated human plasma. Then, the cryogel samples were treated with this solution and CaCl2 (0.1 ml, 0.025 M) was also added after 30 s. APTT and PT were found out using the fibrometer method [25, 27].