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Driver and System Interaction
Published in Motoyuki Akamatsu, Handbook of Automotive Human Factors, 2019
Some researchers have attempted to estimate the level of task demand by EEGs (see 6.1.1.2). For example, the alpha wave decreased and theta wave increased when conducting dual tasks as compared to a single task (Sirevaag et al., 1988). Another study showed that the P300 of ERP evoked by auditory odd ball stimuli could be an index of distraction in dual task condition (Rakauskas et al., 2005). Another study attempted to estimate the workload based on the oculo-motor system (VOR) (Obinata et al., 2008). These physiological indices for dual task conditions are considered reflections of the overall mental workload, not specifically reflections of distraction of driving task. The Eye Fixation Related Potential (EFRP) that is ERP triggered by the timing of onset of eye fixation can be a direct physiological measure of distraction of driving task because EFRP is a reflection of the amount of visual attention to road environments (Takeda et al., 2012).
Neurophysiology of the Human Scalp EEG
Published in Kaushik Majumdar, A Brief Survey of Quantitative EEG, 2017
The theta band (intracranial) EEG in humans may be generated either from the cortex or from the hippocampus, and these two forms may be independent of each other (Cantero et al., 2003). However, recent research on rat brain has identified high coherence between theta rhythms generated in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex during spatial learning (Benchenane et al., 2010). Since the hippocampus is located quite deep inside the brain, the theta rhythm generated by it is unlikely to be detected on the scalp. Although no consensus has yet emerged on the theta band’s specific behavioral correlates, they are most consistently present during REM sleep and during various types of locomotor activities described by the subjective terms ‘voluntary’, ‘preparatory’, ‘orienting’, or ‘exploratory’. In general, theta waves are absent in immobile animals, but short epochs of theta trains can be elicited by noxious, conditioned stimuli. A different type of theta wave on scalp EEG has been observed during meditation (Banquet, 1973). Also, the theta wave is associated with the mnemonic processes in our brain (Buzsaki, 2002), where the step-by-step detail of a process up to the sequential details has to be taken care of. Clearly theta wave plays a role in the working memory. It has also been implicated in Hebbian strengthening of hippocampal synapses and in both short-term and long-term potentiation (STP and LTP, respectively). The induction of LTP occurs at the positive phase of the theta rhythm. The strength of the induced LTP increases linearly with the theta power. Pharmacological manipulations demonstrate that drugs that decrease theta activity also block learning, whereas drugs that promote theta rhythm (and thus enhance the LTP) also facilitate learning (Klimesch, 1999).
Using brain waves to assess the colour effect on promoting spirituality in the mosque architecture
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2022
As previously stated, EEG signals are categorized into five various wave types ‘alpha, beta, theta, delta, and gamma’ (Basar 2012). Delta waves are located in a range of 0.5-3 Hz. People in the delta wave state are lethargic, immobile, inattentive, and have a low level of arousal. Theta waves, the rate of changes is between 4 and 7 Hz. Theta waves are slow waves with a sinus rhythm. Theta is associated with emotion, creativity, deep thinking. The alpha signals’ frequency is from 8-12 Hz. Alpha waves are associated with relaxation, alertness, and concentration. They are often characterized by creativity and dream thinking. This wavelength is observed when a person is relaxed. Beta waves are created in a range of 13-30 Hz. The beta frequency wave is also the fastest and most active form of short-wave brain waves and is related to intellectual activity, concentration, and attention. The gamma waves fluctuate in frequencies beyond 30 Hz and are observed more during the cross quality of sensory processing. It is also known to accommodate short-term memory of objects, sounds, or sense of touch using gamma rays. (Kamal, Mahmood, and Zakaria 2013)
Brain–Computer Interface Games Based on Consumer-Grade EEG Devices: A Systematic Literature Review
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
Gabriel Alves Mendes Vasiljevic, Leonardo Cunha de Miranda
The theta waves (from 4 to 7 Hz) are generated during sleep and states of deep meditation. They are usually found in young children and, like delta waves, large amounts during awaken activity in adults are associated with neurological diseases (Nicolas-Alonso & Gomez-Gil, 2012). The generation of these waves is associated with cognitive processes, learning, memory, and dreams. The alpha waves (from 8 to 12 Hz) are generated while the brain is in a resting state (Vourvopoulos & Liarokapis, 2012). They increase while the eyes are closed and the person is relaxed (Pineda, 2006), and are found in the occipital and frontal areas, related to visual processing and mental activity, respectively (Figure 2). The alpha waves are suppressed when mental effort is done (Black, 1972), allowing this signal to be used to measure the focused mental activity.