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Caffeine – a common psychoactive stimulant – from a socio-cultural perspective
Published in Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson, Food and the Risk Society, 2016
Charlotte Fabiansson, Stefan Fabiansson
The caffeine in coffee and tea and in some other food products is the most well known member of a family of chemical compounds known as the methylxanthines. There are many methylxanthines besides caffeine, but only an additional two are found naturally in food. These are theophylline and theobromine, most commonly found in cocoa. Theophylline and theobromine are also formed when caffeine is metabolised by the liver (Thorn et al. 2012). All three substances have similar structures and similar behavioural and physiological effects, although caffeine and an additional metabolite, called paraxanthine, has more pronounced effects compared to the other two (Orrú et al. 2013). The three methylxanthines can be found naturally in the leaves, seeds and fruits of more than 60 plants, including coffee beans, tealeaves, kola nuts, guarana and cocoa beans. Caffeine is regularly added to cola-type soft drinks and more recently to energy drinks. Caffeine is also found in hundreds of prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including analgesics, weight control aids, allergy relief compounds and stimulants. Theophylline and caffeine are sometimes used as respiratory stimulants for newborn babies.
Photocatalytic, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles derived from espresso spent coffee grounds: optimization by central composite design
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Nikoo Ostovar, Nima Mohammadi, Farnaz Khodadadeh
The major sections of the phenolic compounds are caffeic acids and chlorogenic which can use as natural antioxidants in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, feed-stock, and food industries. One of the fascinating properties of methylxanthines is the stimulation of the central nervous system. Their significance in cancer diseases has been related to the antagonism of adenosine receptors. Caffeine is the main methylxanthine retrieved from SCG which can be used in the production of energy drinks or dermatological preparation for cellulite, and chewing gum,[22] whereas theobromine and theophylline can be applied by the pharmaceutical industry.[23] SCG comprises great amounts of valuable organic materials such as cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, fatty acids, proteins, and antioxidants that can be used as a basis for value-added products.[24] Hence, the existence of polyphenols in SCG provides appropriate reduction properties for it, which makes it a tremendous reducing agent for the green method for synthesizing NPs. Moreover, SCG polyphenols are regarded as being nontoxic that are safe for the environment.[25]
Metal organic frameworks: an effective application in drug delivery systems
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Christine Jeyaseelan, Priyansh Jain, Deeya Soin, Deepshikha Gupta
MOFs have also found use in delivery of drugs for treating pulmonary diseases because of its property of deep lung penetration in addition to other advantageous properties like high porosity, better drug loading etc. UiO-66 based nanoparticles form good candidates for this purpose.[108] CD-MOF is also found to be a promising material for drugs of respiratory diseases.[106] Budesonide, a pulmonary disease relief drug, especially for asthma symptoms, was loaded on γ-cyclodextrin MOF (CD-MOF) to improve its delivery.[109] Another composite using Fe-MIL-100 (MOF) for carrying theophylline (a drug for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is also tested to be useful, nontoxic carrier.[110]
Toxicity evaluation of traditional and organic yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) extracts
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Lian da Costa Abrão, Dennis Guilherme Costa-Silva, Michele Goulart dos Santos, Maristela Barnes Rodrigues Cerqueira, Eliana Badiale-Furlong, Ana Luiza Muccillo-Baisch, Mariana Appel Hort
Several studies evaluated the chemical constituents present in yerba mate that may be responsible for its observed biological properties. Among the compounds found a variety of phenolic compounds, xanthines, saponins, and minerals were identified (Bastos et al. 2006; Bravo, Goya, and Lecumberri 2007; Cheminet et al. 2021; Farias et al. 2021; Filip et al. 2001; Olivari et al. 2020; Pagliosa et al. 2010; Puangpraphant, Berhow, and de Mejia 2011). According to Filip et al. (2001), an extract prepared from dried and powdered leaves from I. paraguariensis contained approximately 9.6% (% on dried wt) caffeoyl derivatives such as chlorogenic acid present in the highest quantity. In commercial samples of yerba mate prepared by decoction, caffeoylquinic acids were also the major constituents of the phenolic fraction, representing 70% of total polyphenols, among which chlorogenic acid was also the most abundant (Cheminet et al. 2021). Other polyphenols such as quercetin, rutin and kaempferol were detected in smaller quantities in different samples of I. paraguariensis (Bastos et al. 2006; Cheminet et al. 2021; Farias et al. 2021; Filip et al. 2001). The main xanthines found in yerba mate are caffeine, theobromine and in a lower concentration theophylline (Ito, Crozier, and Ashihara 1997; Pagliosa et al. 2010).