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Neuroscience of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Published in Gerald Matthews, Paula A. Desmond, Catherine Neubauer, P.A. Hancock, The Handbook of Operator Fatigue, 2017
Siobhan Banks, Melinda L. Jackson, Hans P.A. Van Dongen
The neurobiological nature of the sleep homeostatic process is largely unknown. However, it appears to be reflected in increased adenosine production in the extracellular space in the basal forebrain and areas of the cortex (Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997). Adenosine is a metabolic by-product of the brain’s use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary source of cellular energy. Adenosine serves as a neuromodulator, signalling sleepiness through binding to the adenosine receptor (for review, see Basheer et al., 2004). Caffeine binds to this receptor and thereby blocks adenosine signaling, which is how caffeine promotes alertness (Nehlig, Daval & Debry, 1992). It is not clear, however, what processes go on during sleep, in relation to adenosine, that reduce the homeostatic propensity for sleep (Benington & Heller, 1995). Most likely, a large number of additional sleep regulatory substances are involved (Krueger, Obál & Fang, 1999), with adenosine being a part of a complicated cascade of compounds and interactions (Van Dongen, Belenky & Krueger, in press).
Photocatalytic, antioxidant and antibacterial potential of bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles derived from espresso spent coffee grounds: optimization by central composite design
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2023
Nikoo Ostovar, Nima Mohammadi, Farnaz Khodadadeh
The major sections of the phenolic compounds are caffeic acids and chlorogenic which can use as natural antioxidants in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, feed-stock, and food industries. One of the fascinating properties of methylxanthines is the stimulation of the central nervous system. Their significance in cancer diseases has been related to the antagonism of adenosine receptors. Caffeine is the main methylxanthine retrieved from SCG which can be used in the production of energy drinks or dermatological preparation for cellulite, and chewing gum,[22] whereas theobromine and theophylline can be applied by the pharmaceutical industry.[23] SCG comprises great amounts of valuable organic materials such as cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, fatty acids, proteins, and antioxidants that can be used as a basis for value-added products.[24] Hence, the existence of polyphenols in SCG provides appropriate reduction properties for it, which makes it a tremendous reducing agent for the green method for synthesizing NPs. Moreover, SCG polyphenols are regarded as being nontoxic that are safe for the environment.[25]