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Mechanobiology of Bladder Urothelial Cells
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Shawn Olsen, Kevin Champaigne, Jiro Nagatomi
For ATP signaling to be involved in mechanotransduction within the bladder as currently assumed, not only must the release of ATP occur, but appropriate receptors must also be incorporated in nearby cells to receive those signals. Multiple subtypes of membrane-bound receptors that are sensitive to ATP, known as purinergic receptors, have been discovered in numerous organs and tissues [28], including the urothelial, myofibroblast, smooth muscle, and nerve cells of the urinary bladder [7,42]. Burnstock and colleagues first proposed that the purinergic P2 receptor family (consisting of P2X and P2Y subfamilies), which are sensitive to both ATP and ADP, played a significant role in transmitting painful sensations [26]. P2X receptors are typically located in sensory neurons and activated by ATP through intrinsic ion channel gating, whereas the P2Y family of receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that perform various biological functions based on G-protein coupling [28].
Silver Nanoparticles in Medicine
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Oana Gherasim, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
When compared to healthy extracellular space, tumour microenvironment is specifically distinguished by increased levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. The enhanced sensitivity of human-derived tumour cells for ATP, which is strongly related to the cellular overexpression of P2X purinergic receptors [134, 135], was explored for specific targeting in unconventional anti-cancer therapy.
Mediation of PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity: the role of P2X7 receptor in NR8383 cells
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Qi Xiong, Xiang Tian, Congyue Xu, Baomiao Ma, Wenshuang Li, Yiyuan Xia, Wei Liu, Binlian Sun, Qin Ru, Xiji Shu
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is recognized as a research focus in recent years because of its perilous effects on human health issues due to its tiny particle size (smaller than 2.5 μm). Alveolar macrophages are recognized as unique innate immune cells to recognize, engulf and eliminate pathogens via activating inflammatory cells (Rauschmeier et al. 2019). Respirable PM2.5 can pass through the respiratory airways from external environment and accumulate in the bronchioles and alveoli, where they interact with alveolar macrophages, inducing oxidative damage, inflammatory cytokine releases and apoptosis (Jeong et al. 2019). Purinergic receptors of the P2×7(P2X7R) are ligand-gated ion channels and belong to a main member of P2X immunomodulator familiy, which can be activated by extracellular ATP (eATP) at sites of inflammation and tissue damage (Bautista-Pérez et al. 2020). The P2X7R consists of three subunits to form a receptor, which is involved in the regulating immune cell types, especially the macrophages as well as mediating the immune responses to pathogens in diverse disorders, including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, cytotoxicity (Tian et al. 2020). Nevertheless, the function of P2X7R in the regulation of PM2.5-induced pulmonary cytotoxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear.