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Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
Less than half of human fertilization results in the birth of a completely healthy infant. Toxicological studies have shown that a number of chemicals in the environment exhibit teratogenic properties – teratology being the study of abnormalities of physiological development, including congenital malformations.
Data Analysis Applications in Toxicology
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Carrol S. Weil, Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists, 1988
When the primary concern of a reproductive/developmental study is the occurrence of birth defects or deformations (terata, either structural or functional) in the offspring of exposed animals, the study is one of teratology. In the analysis of the data from such a study, we must consider several points.
Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of solvents, metals, drugs, and industrial chemicals using a freshwater snail (Biomphalaria glabrata) assay
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Rosângela Ribeiro de-Carvalho, Maria Regina Gomes-Carneiro, Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino, Gabrielle da Silveira Lopes, Francisco José Roma Paumgartten
In the field of experimental teratology, it is well-established that tests using nonmammalian species demonstrated that various environmental stressors markedly produced deranged embryo development leading to adverse outcomes including growth retardation, increased frequency of malformations, and embryonic death (Clarke Fraser 2010; Stockard 1907). Those investigators who pioneered experimental research in teratology postulated that non-mammalian vertebrates such as chicken, fish or amphibians (Clarke Fraser 2010; Stockard 1907; Wilson 1977) and invertebrates such as sea urchin were suitable test species for this type of study as these species not only allowed for direct access and exposure to the embryo but also to follow up normal or abnormal development within the eggs (Clarke Fraser 2010; Di Bernardo and Di Carlo 2017; Stockard 1907). Moreover, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, most teratologists postulated that uteri and placentae were virtually impregnable shelters that protected the mammalian embryo from environmental insults (Clarke Fraser 2010). As of the 1920/30s, however, this notion began to be undermined by results from experiments with pigs and rodents showing that micronutrient (vitamin) deficiencies, maternal exposure to ionizing radiation, trypan blue, alkylating agents and some other environmental factors resulted in adverse pregnancy outcomes such as embryofetal deaths and birth defects (Hale 1933, 1935; Warkany and Nelson 1940; Warkany and Schraffenberger 1944).
Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene – an update
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
M.I. Banton, J.S. Bus, J.J. Collins, E. Delzell, H.-P. Gelbke, J.E. Kester, M.M. Moore, R. Waites, S.S. Sarang
Cohen et al. (2002) concluded that styrene was not an apparent reproductive toxicant although acknowledged that thorough testing was lacking. The authors noted that the available developmental toxicity studies did not indicate styrene to be a major concern (no malformations reported); however, delayed postnatal development had been reported in rat offspring following prenatal or postnatal inhalation exposure; additionally, rat teratology studies had shown evidence of fetotoxicity, fetal body weight reduction, and reduced pup survival at doses that also produced maternal toxicity.