Biomechanical comparison of concussions with and without a loss of consciousness in elite American football: implications for prevention
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2021
Janie Cournoyer, T. Blaine Hoshizaki
The WSUBIM included the skull, scalp, dura mater, pia mater, falx cerebri, falx and tentorium cerebelli, cerebrospinal fluid, lateral and third ventricles, cerebrum (grey and white matter), cerebellum, brainstem, parasagittal bridging veins and venous sinuses for a total of 314, 500 elements (hexahedral brick and shell), and a mass of 4.5 kg (Zhang, et al., 2001). The brain tissue was modelled using a combination of a linear viscoelastic model and a large-deformation theory (Zhang, et al., 2001). The shear modulus of the viscoelastic brain was characterised as: