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Language and Communication
Published in Christopher D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands, Simon. Banbury, Raja. Parasuraman, Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, 2015
Christopher D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands, Simon. Banbury, Raja. Parasuraman
More recently, capital letters and lowercase letters have been used in the same word for drug labeling. ‘Tall Man’ lettering, which was been developed in the late 1990s for the display of similar- looking drug names which are considered to be confusable, highlights differences between similar drug names by capitalizing dissimilar letters (e.g., cefUROXime and cefTAZIDime). Darker, Gerret, et al. (2011) examined the effectiveness of “Tall Man” lettering and found that compared to lowercase text, the use of Tall Man lettering does improve the perception of drug names. However, no difference was seen between uppercase text and Tall Man lettering. Similar to the studies of Vartabedian, it appears that the advantage of Tall Man lettering is through the larger size and greater visibility of uppercase letters themselves within the Tall Man lettering scheme, and not through their creation of more distinct (unitization) word shapes of the drug name.
Use “TALLman” lettering
Published in Michael Wiklund, Kimmy Ansems, Rachel Aronchick, Cory Costantino, Alix Dorfman, Brenda van Geel, Jonathan Kendler, Valerie Ng, Ruben Post, Jon Tilliss, Designing for Safe Use, 2019
Michael Wiklund, Kimmy Ansems, Rachel Aronchick, Cory Costantino, Alix Dorfman, Brenda van Geel, Jonathan Kendler, Valerie Ng, Ruben Post, Jon Tilliss
As mentioned on the previous page, Tall Man lettering involves capitalizing, rather than enlarging, distinguishing letters. However, the effect of capitalization, perhaps complemented by bolding, makes the capitalized letters look larger than the adjacent ones, which is part of the presumed benefit. Although the actual benefits of the practice have not been consistently demonstrated in controlled experiments—likely due to variations in methodology and study limitations1—the technique is now widely practiced and seems to be widely appreciated as part of a larger effort to make different drugs distinct.2
Visual differentiation and recognition memory of look-alike drug names: effects of disfluent format, text enhancement and exposure time
Published in Ergonomics, 2019
Kaifeng Liu, Calvin K. L. Or, Simon Y. W. Li
Among various text enhancement methods, tall man lettering (i.e. using capital letters to highlight the primary dissimilarities between two similar drug names) has been shown to be effective in reducing name confusion errors (e.g. Filik et al. 2010) and has been recommended by various health organisations, such as the U.S. FDA (2001) and the World Health Organization (2007). However, some investigations have indicated that other text enhancement methods are more effective, such as boldface letters and inverted text (e.g. Or and Wang 2014; Gabriele 2006). The inverted text refers to switching the colour of the font and background, for example, the inverted text for “apple” would become (Gabriele 2006). The discrepant research results and recommendations warrant further study to add to our understanding of the effects of different text enhancement methods.
A Four-Stage Method for Optimizing and Standardizing a Crash Cart Configuration
Published in IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors, 2018
Shaunna Milloy, Katherine Bubric
The human factors specialists organized the list of crash cart contents established by the clinical committee based on human factors principles including: Functional grouping principle: group objects together that are used together, such as medications and intravenous (IV) solutions, and airway equipment (Wickens, 2004).Sequence of use principle: ensure a match between equipment location and clinical workflow (Wickens, 2004). In this case, the cart was designed so that users start at the top of the crash cart and work their way down as they follow the ACLS algorithm.Clutter-avoidance principle: ensure visibility and accessibility of items by decluttering drawers through bundling of items, using bins and dividers within drawers, and applying concise large high contrast labeling on the outside of each drawer (Wickens, 2004).Reducing potential for medication errors, through labeling, tallman lettering (ISMP, 2016), organizing medications by action, and separating look-a-like and sound-a-like medications (Kawano, Li & Ho, 2014).