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Skeletal Mechanobiology
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Alesha B. Castillo, Christopher R. Jacobs
Additional adhesion-associated proteins that may regulate mechanosensing in bone are talin and paxillin. Talin binds the integrin cytoplasmic β tail208 and alters integrin conformation thereby enhancing the integrin-binding affinity and receptor activation.209 Talin also binds FAK and actin, and is a key linking protein between the ECM and the actin cytoskeleton.210,211 Paxillin binds the cytoplasmic tail of α4 and contains several signaling motifs including phosphorylation sites, phosphatases, and regulators of the Rho family of small GTPases.212 Paxillin has been shown to align with the direction of fluid flow in osteocytes,213 suggesting that it is responsive to mechanical stimuli, but additional data are needed to understand the role of these adhesion molecules in mechanosensing.
Applications and hazards associated with carbon nanotubes in biomedical sciences
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Ali Hassan, Afraz Saeed, Samia Afzal, Muhammad Shahid, Iram Amin, Muhammad Idrees
To accelerate bone cell growth, proliferation, expand, or to replace bone tissue, bone bioengineering technique is expanding rapidly. For patients who are utilizing regeneration biomedical techniques, this technique is quite attractive for achieving stable implantation of materials related to dentistry.[47,48] CNTs have unique chemical and physical properties i.e., biocompatibility and stability for which they have found enormous applications in biomedical sciences. These attributes of CNTs may stimulate growth factors for bone regeneration and could occur into novel scaffolds. Cells like osteoblast adhere firmly on the sheets of CNTs.[49] Fibronectin, integrin, and talin that are involved in the cell attachment have increased expression level by MWCNT alignment.[50]
Preparative enrichment of human tissue cells capable to change a site of growth in vitro or in vivo - Recent developments
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Johann Bauer, Hari H. P. Cohly, Jayashree Sahana, Daniela Grimm
Comparing cell electrophoretic studies with space research reveals an amazing common aspect. By the application of both methods cells were detected, which are able to change or have changed their sites of growth. Interestingly, studies on proteins that are important for the regulation of electrophoretic mobility and for leaving the monolayer on the RPM unveiled a number of common key proteins (Table 1). Proteins mentioned in publications about both types of studies include fibronectin, integrins, focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, vinculin, talin, cell adhesion molecules, and cadherins, which are involved in the adhesion of cells to their neighbor cells or their ECM.[18,52–54,57,61–69] Moreover, also the tumor antigen p53 and caspase-3 were conspicuous, which regulate cellular growth and apoptosis.[56,65,66,70,71]
Regulation of stem cell fate and function by using bioactive materials with nanoarchitectonics for regenerative medicine
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Wei Hu, Jiaming Shi, Wenyan Lv, Xiaofang Jia, Katsuhiko Ariga
Stem cell fate is historically believed to be regulated by genetic and biochemical factors such as soluble induction factor. Currently, biophysical cues are increasingly being recognized as new factors to regulate stem cell behaviours and fate. In 2006, Engler et al. found that when cultured on collagen I coated polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels of varying elasticity, the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is directed by tissue-level matrix stiffness [119]. On soft matrices like brain tissue, MSCs show neuronal differentiation; on stiffer matrices like muscle tissue, MSCs show myogenic differentiation; and on rigid matrices like bone, MSCs prove osteogenic differentiation. Mechanically, cells sense the matrix stiffness through integrin-based adhesions. Integrins form clusters, cause the conformation changes of mechanosensitive proteins like talin and vinculin, activate the mechanosensitive ion channels, and then activate the downstream transcription factor activity [120]. To construct an optimal mechanical microenvironment for culturing pluripotent stem cells, Chalut’s group modified PAAm hydrogel protocol by addition of 6-acrylamidohexanoic acid (AHA) as co-factor [121]. The carboxyl terminal groups of the AHA are covalently linked to extracellular matrix (ECM) protein through a carbodiimide reaction, and thus form stable ECM–substrate attachment. They demonstrate that these soft StemBond hydrogels provide a strong attachment but a low cytoskeletal tension to promote cell attachment, pluripotency, and self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in minimal media conditions (i.e. a single chemical inhibitor).