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Plant Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Several approaches have been used to engineer plants for virus resistance, which include the CP gene, cDNA of satellite RNA, defective viral genome, antisense RNA approach, and ribozyme-mediated protection. Of these strategies, the use of the CP gene has been the most successful. Transgenic plants having virus CP gene linked to a strong promoter have been produced by many crop plants such as tobacco, tomato, alfalfa, sugar beet, and potato. The first transgenic plant of this type was tobacco produced in 1986. It contained the CP gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain UI. When these plants were inoculated with TMV UI, symptoms either failed to develop or were considerably delayed. Furthermore, there was much less accumulation of virus in both inoculated and systemically infected leaves than that in the control plants. In addition, these plants showed delayed expression of disease symptoms when inoculated with the related tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and with tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV).
An Introduction to VNPs and Nanotechnology
Published in Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester, Viral Nanoparticles, 2019
Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester
The word virus is Latin and means “poison”. Viruses are infectious agents, and generally pathogens. It was not, however, until the end of the 19th century that viruses were discovered as infectious agents. The first virus to be recognized as an infectious agent distinct from bacteria was the plant pathogen Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Zaitlin, 1898). Today more than 5,000 viruses have been discovered and described, although this likely represents a fraction of those found in nature. Viruses cause many human diseases, from the common cold and chicken pox to more serious infections such as AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome, which is caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) and SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome, which is caused by SARS coronavirus). Virology — the science of studying viruses — is thus a highly important discipline in regard to human health.
Agricultural biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Several approaches have been used to engineer plants for virus resistance, which include CP gene, cDNA of satellite RNA, defective viral genome, antisense RNA approach, and ribozyme-mediated protection. Of these strategies, the use of CP gene has been the most successful. Transgenic plants having a virus CP gene linked to a strong promoter have been produced by many crop plants such as tobacco, tomato, alfalfa, sugar beet, and potato. The first transgenic plant of this type was tobacco produced in 1986. It contained the CP gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain U I. When these plants were inoculated with TMV U I, symptoms either failed to develop or were considerably delayed. Furthermore, there was a much less accumulation of virus than in the control plants in both inoculated and systemically infected leaves. In addition, these plants showed delayed expression of disease symptoms when inoculated with the related tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and with tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV).
Biosynthesis, antimicrobial spectra and applications of silver nanoparticles: current progress and future prospects
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Nimisha Tehri, Amit Vashishth, Anjum Gahlaut, Vikas Hooda
The viruses are nucleoprotein particles. The proteins constituting capsid of viruses act as highly reactive surface to interact with metal ions.[99] The exploration of viruses to carry out biosynthesis of nanoparticles is growing rapidly in recent years. However, it is in the stage of development for silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (2–9 nm) from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been reported by Yang et al.[67] The principle of biosynthesis reported in this study was found to be associated with TMV coat proteins subunits that are known to contain serine, aspartic acid, tyrosine and cysteine. These amino acids contain different functional groups like thiol, carboxyl and hydroxyl which usually play the role of reducing agent for Ag+ ions reduction. Secondly, under increased alkaline conditions i.e., >10 pH due to Tollens’ reagent used in this study, coat proteins (which generally remain stable up to pH 10) get disassemble to soluble proteins or peptides that behave as reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation of silver nanoparticles.
Microbes induced biofabrication of nanoparticles: a review
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Devendra Kumar Golhani, Ayush Khare, Gopal Krishna Burra, Vikas Kumar Jain, Jagannadha Rao Mokka
Virus shows high interaction with metallic ions due to a dense coating of capsid protein at the surface of virus.[150] For example, at the surface of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) particle, 2130 capsid protein molecules may be present, acting as attachment points for the deposition of materials.[151–154] These can also be used to form 3-dimensional vessels for pharmaceuticals.[155–157] TMV was also used as a template for the synthesis of iron oxides by oxidative hydrolysis, co-crystallization of CdS and PbS, and synthesis of SiO2 by sol–gel condensation. It occurs due to the presence of glutamate and aspartate groups on the external surface of the virus.[158,159] In another study, M13 bacteriophage virus was reported to form ZnS and CdS NPs of size 3–5 nm through both intra-and extracellular routes.[160]
Molecular design of supramolecular polymers with chelated units and their application as functional materials
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Igor E. Uflyand, Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
Recently, it has become possible to create complex supramolecular architectures by applying the concept of hierarchical self-assembly, which is defined as a multi-level non-covalent self-assembly of supramolecules, including a series of successive interactions with gradually decreasing strength. Hierarchical self-assembly is used when creating several systems in nature, such as tobacco mosaic virus and cell cytoskeleton. In this approach, supramolecular assemblies self-organize by coordinating supramolecules between themselves or their joint assemblies with another module. For example, by means of electrostatic interaction, supramolecules based on M-L interactions can be integrated in films, liquid crystals, micelles, hydrogels, etc., which have a variety of switchability and other useful properties [7]. In addition, hierarchical self-assembly allows you to obtain exotic and complex nanostructures that are interesting for nanotechnology and materials science [154].