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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The circulatory system is divided into: The pulmonary circulation, which takes deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart;The systemic circulation, which takes oxygenated blood (oxygen diffuses into the blood whilst it passes through the alveoli – the small units in the lung which contain ‘fresh’ air taken in from outside) from the left side of the heart to all cells in the body and returns deoxygenated blood (i.e. blood from which the cells have extracted the necessary oxygen and carrying the carbon dioxide returned by the cells) to the right side of the heart. The circulatory system also carries food components from the digestive tract to the cells to provide nutrition for growth and energy and waste products from cells in the body to the kidneys to enable the body to get rid of (excrete) these unwanted products in the urine. The circulatory system transports hormones from the glands that produce them (endocrine glands) to other organs of the body and is also involved in ridding the body of surplus heat by increasing loss through the skin.
Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
There are two blood flow circuits made up of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The pulmonary circulation conveys oxygen-depleted blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide and then returns the oxygen-replenished blood back to the left side of the heart. The systemic circulation carries oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood to the right side of the heart. We think of oxygenated blood as red and oxygen-poor blood as blue. Look at the underside of your wrist and you can easily see the superficial blue veins of the systemic circulation near the skin surface.
Miscellaneous application of chemometrics
Published in Madhusree Kundu, Palash Kumar Kundu, Seshu Kumar Damarla, Chemometric Monitoring: Product Quality Assessment, Process Fault Detection, and Applications, 2017
Madhusree Kundu, Palash Kumar Kundu, Seshu Kumar Damarla
The heart is considered to be one of the three most important body organs, along with the kidneys and the central nervous system, insofar as life support is concerned. The human heart is a four-chambered, hollow, and flexible organ that collects impure blood from the other organs, purifies it, and then circulates oxygenated blood to the whole body. It is placed in the thoracic chamber, anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, slightly offset to the left. Depending on the age, it weighs between 250 and 350 g. The human heart consists of two pairs of atria and ventricles, longitudinally connected. The heart along with the network of veins (which carry deoxygenated blood) and arteries (which carry oxygenated blood) forms the cardiovascular system to supply blood to the whole body. The word cardiac is derived from Greek word kardia, meaning “related to the heart.” Details of the human heart physiology can be found in [1,2]. The atria receive the blood from the body, and ventricles supply the blood. The pair of atria and ventricles work in tandem, that is they contract and expand together to collect and supply blood, respectively. In between these two operations, there is an important function of purification, which is performed by sending the impure (deoxygenated) blood to the lungs. To achieve this, the right ventricle sends the impure blood to the lungs and receives the pure blood at the left atria. A complete cardiac cycle consists of collection of blood from body organs, purifying it, and sending it back to the whole body. The pumping action of the heart supports the following circulatory systems: Pulmonary circulation: This supports blood circulation to the lungs for purification.Systemic circulation: This supports blood circulation to the entire body except the lungs.Coronary circulation: Coronary circulation takes care of circulating oxygenated blood to the heart cells.
Circulatory System Based Optimization (CSBO): an expert multilevel biologically inspired meta-heuristic algorithm
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2022
Mojtaba Ghasemi, Mohammad-Amin Akbari, Changhyun Jun, Sayed M. Bateni, Mohsen Zare, Amir Zahedi, Hao-Ting Pai, Shahab S. Band, Massoud Moslehpour, Kwok-Wing Chau
The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the body’s tissues. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart. It then moves into the right ventricle, and the above cycle is repeated, equivalent to one iteration in our proposed algorithm.