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E-Skin for Futuristic Nanosensor Technology for the Healthcare System
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Venkateswaran Vivekananthan, Gaurav Khandelwal, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Sang-Jae Kim
Biodegradability is an important aspect in the fast-growing electronic world, which helps to drastically reduce pollution due to electronic waste (Irimia-Vladu et al. 2012). It also helps during biomedical implants which can slowly degrade after it has served its purpose. The biodegradable materials mostly come from the organic and inorganic materials (Cheng and Vepachedu 2016). Materials such as silk fibers, cellulose, and collagen are naturally biodegradable polymers. Synthetic biodegradable polymers are also used in biomedical applications such as PVA, polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene glycol, polyurethane, etc. But these materials are electrically insulating in nature, due to which most of the materials cannot be used directly, and can be used only on selected substrates (Yu et al. 2018). Figure 2h shows a biodegradable semi conducting polymer developed using reversible imine chemistry and the polymer was observed to disintegrate completely in 30 days Similar to the organic materials, the inorganic materials are also used for degradation (Feig et al. 2018). The inorganic materials such as Si, Si02, Mg, MgO can be dissolved through water hydrolysis as shown in Figure 2h. The reaction kinetic shows that the degradation strongly depends on pH, and the transient time was controlled by the size of the encapsulation layer and the silicon membranes (Lei et al. 2017).
Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering
Published in Anujit Ghosal, Ajeet Kaushik, Intelligent Hydrogels in Diagnostics and Therapeutics, 2020
Tanya Chhibber, Ravikumar Shinde, Behnaz Lahooti, Sounak Bagchi, Sree Pooja Varahachalam, Anusha Gaddam, Amit K. Jaiswal, Evelyn Gracia, Hitendra S. Chand, Ajeet Kaushik, Rahul Dev Jayant
The European Society for Biomaterials (ESB) currently defines biomaterials as “material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body” [9]. The critical feature that distinguishes biomaterials from other materials is their capability to coexist and interrelate in the presence of tissues or biological systems such as blood, interstitial fluids, immune cells, and molecules without causing an unbearable amount of impairment [3]. The three conventional categories of biodegradable polymers are synthetic, natural, and hybrid materials. In recent years, these have been getting attention due to their excellent features in regenerative remedies [13]. Extensive varieties of natural and synthetically derived polymers are capable of enduring decay; conversely, synthetic biodegradable polymers have been found to have more adaptable and varied biomedical functions, possibly because of more facile capability to undergo tailorable designs and chemical alterations [13].
Biomaterials for Scaffolds: Synthetic Polymers
Published in Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, 2014
Luis Rojo, Blanca Vazquez, Julio San Romaná
The application of synthetic biodegradable polymers has been a challenge for applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and for resorbable implants. Hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance plays an important role in biodegradable polymers whose degradation occurs through hydrolysis. This is the case of polyhydroxyalkanoates, and in particular poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and their copolymers poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The higher hydrophilicity of PGA compared to the more hydrophobic PLA renders hydrolytic degradation of PGA faster than the PLA. For both, biodegradation is very sensitive to the diffusion of water that causes the hydrolysis of the carboxylic ester groups. PGA and PLA homopolymers are semicrystalline, this controlling the kinetics of the biodegradative process that depends on the permeation to water which causes the hydrolysis of the carboxylic ester groups. As it is shown in the scheme of Fig. 8.1, the amorphous domains of the systems are most sensitive to degradation than the crystalline domains, because of the higher water permeability of the disordered amorphous microstructures. Moreover, under the biodegradative process, the long polymer chains are broken in small fragments, that can crystallize with their higher mobility.
Cell membrane-cloaked bioinspired nanoparticles: a novel strategy for breast cancer therapy
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Anuja Muley, Abhijeet Kulkarni, Prajakta Mahale, Vishal Gulecha
Lipids and polymers are organic compounds that are used to synthesize organic nanoparticles. The application of biopolymers is expanding as people become more concerned about environmental safety and global warming. Due to their controlled release property, biocompatibility, subcellular size, blood stability, non-inflammatory and non-immunogenic character, biodegradable polymeric NPs have been selected for nano encapsulation of a range of bioactive compounds including medicines, proteins, DNA, and imaging agents. For the production of PNPs, several synthetic polymers have been employed. Due to the Food and Drug Administration’s requirement that they be biocompatible, all of the materials are unsuitable for nanomedical applications (FDA). The selection of a polymer must also consider factors including appropriate biodegradation kinetics, a favorable toxicological profile, drug loading effectiveness, and acceptable mechanical characteristics. Due to their controlled qualities in terms of molecular weight and form (linear, branching, dendritic, etc.), synthetic biodegradable polymers such as polyamides, polyesters, and polyurethanes have been employed more frequently. The most promising biomaterial overall is polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), which has the potential to be employed as scaffolds in tissue engineering and as a carrier for drug delivery [53–55].
Melt-based, solvent-free additive manufacturing of biodegradable polymeric scaffolds with designer microstructures for tailored mechanical/biological properties and clinical applications
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2020
Zijie Meng, Jiankang He, Jiaxin Li, Yanwen Su, Dichen Li
Typical biodegradable polymers applicable to melt-based AM techniques mainly include PCL, polylactic(acid) (PLA), polyglycolic(acid) (PGA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) (Hollister 2009; An et al. 2015; Ratheesh et al. 2017; Youssef, Hollister, and Dalton 2017). These synthetic biodegradable polymers have been widely used in the field of biomedical engineering due to their excellent biocompatibility and flexible processability in comparison with metals and bioceramics (Bose, Roy, and Bandyopadhyay 2012; Guo and Ma 2014; Mondschein et al. 2017; Youssef, Hollister, and Dalton 2017; Abdulghani and Mitchell 2019). In contrast to natural polymers, synthetic biopolymers commonly have high purity and the physical/biological properties of the resultant AM scaffolds can be flexibly tuned by varying the molecular weight (Mw), crystallinity, crystal contents as well as multiple biopolymer components, etc. In addition, the degradation by-products of these polymers are non-toxic and naturally fed into metabolic pathways, which makes them suitable for clinical applications (Wang et al. 2019; Kaplan et al. 2020).