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Climate Change-Induced Aggravations in Microbial Populations and Processes: Constraints and Remediations
Published in Javid A. Parray, Suhaib A. Bandh, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbes, 2022
Waqas Mohy Ud Din, Muhammad Mahroz Hussain, Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi
The symbiosis of host microorganisms occurs in nearly all living organisms, and such symbiotic bacteria can be beneficial, harmful, or has no effect to the host. For example, innocuous E. coli strains frequently discovered in the intestine are a normal component of the intestinal flora and are able to benefit their hosts by supplying vitamin K and preventing disease-causing bacteria from settling in the gut. The interaction between host and microorganism forms a complex network. In contrast, some other strains, such as the E. coli O 26 strain, can trigger disease in the host. The collaboration between the host and the microorganism can be useful or harmful but has important environmental implications. If an organism can cause disease even in a host that looks healthy, it is said to be the primary pathogen. However, if it triggers disease only after the host’s defenses are compromised, it is said to be a secondary pathogen. Microorganisms that are always correlated with the host are known as flora. These microorganisms have extensive symbiotic relations with their hosts. Certain host-microbe interactions are given below.
Bioenergy Principles and Applications
Published in Eduardo Rincón-Mejía, Alejandro de las Heras, Sustainable Energy Technologies, 2017
Marina Islas-Espinoza, Alejandro de las Heras
In a human, around 10 billion mitochondria comprise 10% of the person’s body weight (Perlmutter and Loberg, 2015). Human bodies are actually ecosystems whose cells contain symbiotic bacteria, collectively called the microbiome. The microbiome weighs around 2 kg and includes more genes than the whole human genome. Without the microbiome, mostly hosted in human intestines, many vital (immunity, digestion, physical, and microbiological barriers against pathogens, detoxification, enzyme, neurotransmission) functions would not be carried out in the human body. Mitochondria contain 5–10 copies of their own DNA (mitochondrial DNA transmitted in humans by the mother) and exert control over the nuclear DNA of the human cells (Perlmutter and Loberg, 2015).
Metal resistant rhizobia and ultrastructure of Anthyllis vulneraria nodules from zinc and lead contaminated tailing in Poland
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Marzena Sujkowska-Rybkowska, Rafał Ważny
Heavy metals have a negative effect on symbiotic bacteria and on the nitrogen fixation process (Lafuente et al. 2010, Ahmad et al. 2012). However, little is known about the influence of different concentrations of metals on free-living Rhizobium, the legume–Rhizobium symbiosis or nodule ultrastructure and development. Numerous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of the Rhizobium in heavy metal bioremediation processes (Chaudri et al. 2000; Hao et al. 2014). Industrial wastes contain several metals that can affect the growth of legume plants like Al, Cu and As, which reduce root hair formation and nodule development (Pajuelo et al. 2008; Lafuente et al. 2010). Lafuente et al. (2010) demonstrated the inhibition of expression of several nodulation genes by As. However, studies carried out in Western Europe have shown the potential of Anthyllis in association with metal-tolerant Rhizobium such as Rhizobium metallidurans and Mesorhizobium metallidurans (Vidal et al.2009; Mahieu et al. 2011, 2012; Grison et al. 2015) in phytoremediation of industrial wastes.