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Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industry and Antibiotic Production
Published in Pankaj Bhatt, Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes, 2023
Rishendra Kumar, Lokesh Tripathi, Pankaj Bhatt
Because of sudden breakthroughs, a large number of antibiotics have been discovered, out of which 300 antibiotics have been found for clinical use only and are currently being produced on a large scale. Improvement and production of antibiotics on a commercial scale need full knowledge of the microbes. More than 180 various types of bioactive compounds are produced by the Actinomycetes (about 75%) alone. Some of active compounds are aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin and kanamycin) (Nanjawade et al., 2010), ansamycins (e.g., rifampin) (Floss and Yu, 1999), anthracyclines (Kremer et al., 2001), β-lactam (e.g., cephalosporins) (Kollef, 2009), macrolides (e.g., erythromycin) (Mims et al., 2004), and tetracycline. Streptomycetes produce numerous biologically active drugs, such as chloramphenicol, amphotericin B, natamycin, nystatin, neomycin, tunicamycin, bafilomycin, ivermectin, rapamycin, tetracycline, daptomycin, and clavulanic acid (enzyme-inhibiting drug) (Yoo et al., 2015). Streptomyces species incude S. coelicolor, S. lividans, S. albus, S. rimosus, S. aureofaciens, S. avermitilis, and S. venezuelae. Some antibiotics have been extracted from Bacillus strains, such as moenomycins, difficidins, bacillomycins, and bacillaenes. Another genus, Mycobacterium, is a bacterium with very interesting antibiotic productivities. Eighty percent of Mycobacterium produce various bioactive compounds against microorganism (Reichenbach and Höfle, 1999).
Aerobic Prokaryotes
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Actinomycetes are typical soil bacteria, aerobic, heterotrophic Gram-positive prokaryotes with a high G+C content in DNA and growing with aerial mycelia. They are used in the aerobic treatment of wastewater, soil bioremediation, and the composting of solid wastes because many of them are active degraders of natural biopolymers and xenobiotics. The genus Streptomyces, containing half a thousand species, is extremely important for medical biotechnology because many antibiotics are produced by the strains from this genus. A significant part of soil microbial biomass is the biomass of Streptomycetes. Therefore, the characteristic odor of moist earth is due to the volatile substances such as geosmin produced by these microorganisms. Thermophilic actinomycetes play an important role in the composting of organic wastes.
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Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Actinomycetes are bacteria, but they are usually considered separately in enumerations of soil populations. Found in large numbers, the actinomycetes produce a gaseous substance called geosmin, which gives fresh soil its characteristic musty odor (see Chapter 22). Interest in these bacteria was greatly stimulated by the discovery that some genera, particularly streptomycetes produce valuable antibiotics.
Rapid identification of Streptomyces tetracycline producers by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Lukas Hleba, Ivana Charousova, Miroslava Cisarova, Anton Kovacik, Jan Kormanec, Juraj Medo, Matej Bozik, Sona Javorekova
Tetracycline isolation. Streptomycete solid-grown cultures (11 wild strains and 3 tetracycline producers) in media (1 g) were picked up from plates and transferred to Erlenmayer flask. 10 mL of methanol: ethyl acetate: chloroform solution (1:1:1) was added and homogenized precisely. After mixing, the solution was transferred to tubes and centrifuged. The supernatant was transferred to an evaporation flask and the solution was evaporated by a rotary vacuum evaporator (Stuart RE300DB rotary evaporator, Bibby scientific limited, UK, and vacuum pump KNF N838.1.2KT.45.18, KNF, Germany). The pellet was dissolved in 1 mL of the same solution.
Streptomyces genus as biotechnological tool for pesticide degradation in polluted systems
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Gabriela Briceño, María Soledad Fuentes, Juliana María Saez, María Cristina Diez, Claudia Susana Benimeli
Within the phylum Actinobacteria, microorganisms belonging to the genus Streptomyces stand out because of its morphological and physiological versatilities. These microorganisms, generally named as Streptomycetes, are aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid-fast and form extensively branched substrate and aerial mycelia. They are chemoorganotrophic, with oxidative metabolism. Colonies are discrete and present lichenoid, leathery or butyrous texture. Streptomycetes can produce a wide variety of pigments, responsible for the color of the vegetative and aerial mycelia. Also, colored diffusible pigments may be produced (Figure 1) (Kämpfer, 2012).