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Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
Oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus and Enterococcus faecalis have been shown to be susceptible to triterpene acids such as gypsogenic acid, sumaresinolic acid, a mixture of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid (Table 8.1) and a mixture of maslinic acid (Table 8.1) and 2-α-hydroxyursolic acids (Scalon Cunha et al. 2007). All the compounds, mixtures and semi-synthetic derivatives mentioned display significant activity against all the tested bacteria, showing that they are promising anti-plaque and anti-caries agents.
Microbial Biofilms-Aided Resistance and Remedies to Overcome It
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Terpenoids possess an anti-cell adhesion property which makes them potential antibiofilm agents (Lahiri et al. 2019). A phenolic monoterpene, carvacrol is reported to inhibit biofilms of S. aureus and Salmonella enterica (Jose et al. 2017). Dalleau et al. reported the antibiofilm activity of 10 terpenes against Candida species. Of them, carvacrol, geraniol, or thymol inhibits more than 80% biofilms of C. albicans and more than 75% Candida parapsilosis biofilms (Dalleau et al. 2008). Vetiveria zizanioides root extract containing sesquiterpenes a major constituent downregulates adhesin genes like fnbA, fnbB, clfA, thus inhibiting biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (Kannappan et al. 2017). The casbane diterpene, isolated from the ethanolic extract of Croton nepetaefolius, can inhibit in vitro biofilm formed by oral pathogens S. mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus mitis, S. sanguinis, and Streptococcus oralis. The antibacterial effect of this compound is due to the hydrophobic moiety, and a hydrophilic region having two hydrogen bond donor groups which enable the insertion of the compound in the cell membranes, causing the destabilization of the lipid bilayer, which ultimately effects cellular development. However, the biofilm inhibition is presumably related to the growth inhibition only (Sá et al. 2012). Betulinic acid (BA), a triterpene, isolated from the Platanusacerifolia bark is reported to be effective against biofilms of S. aureus (Silva et al. 2019). Khan et al. reported clerodane diterpenoids 16-oxo-cleroda-3, 13(14) E-diene-15 oic acid and kolavenic acid isolated from Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula (Linn.) can significantly inhibit the biofilms of S. mutans, MRSA, K. pneumoniae,and P. mirabilis (Khan et al. 2017)
General introduction
Published in Abdulai Salifu, Fluoride Removal from Groundwater by Adsorption Technology, 2017
Fluoride is known to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on health, depending on the dose and duration of exposure (Mjengera and Mkongo, 2009; WHO, 2011; Madhnure et al., 2007; Ma et al., 2007; Biswsa et al. 2007; Fawell et al. 2006; Nagendra, 2003). For instance the unique ability of the chemical to inhibit, and even reverse negative health effects with regards to the tooth has been' well observed (Whitford, 1996). Ingestion of optimum concentrations of fluoride (about 0.5 — 1.5 mg/L) in drinking water can prevent the incidence of dental caries, particularly in children up to age 8. It prevents the tooth decay by inhibiting the production of acid by decay-causing bacteria. These orally present bacteria (most prominently, streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus, and lactobacilli), consume food debris or sugar (sucrose) on the tooth surface (from the food we eat) for their own source of energy, and in the process convert them to lactic acid through a glycolytic process known as fermentation. These organisms are capable of producing high levels of lactic acid and when in contact with the tooth, can cause the dissolution/breakdown of minerals from the enamel (a highly mineralized cellular tissue), which plays a very important role in protecting the teeth from decay. When the tooth enamel loses its mineral content (i.e demineralization of mostly hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate), it becomes weak and vulnerable to decay. Thus inhibition of the action of the decay-causing bacteria (by fluoride) from creating the required acidic environment around the enamel, beneficially helps to prevent the chemical processes (i.e mineral dissolution/breakdown) leading to tooth decay. Moreover, fluoride is also known to be a re-mineralization agent which can enhance the replacement of lost minerals from enamels that has been attacked, and thus reverse the formation of dental caries. Fluoride can bind to hydroxyapatite crystals in the tooth enamel and the incorporated fluorine makes the enamel stronger and more resistant to demineralization, hence resistance to decay (Whirtford, 1996).
Microencapsulation of propolis by spray drying: A review
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Kashif Maroof, Ronald F. S. Lee, Lee Fong Siow, Siew Hua Gan
Using the mannitol-gelatin system, Bruschi et al.,[26] investigated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of microparticles against microorganisms present in the oral cavity. The organisms include Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using the agar diffusion method.