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Toxic Responses of the Skin
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
A cutaneous irritant is an agent that produces an inflammatory response in the skin (dermatitis) at the site of contact by direct action without the involvement of an immunologic mechanism. In man, cutaneous irritation results in erythema (reddening), edema (swelling), vesiculation (blistering), scaling, and thickening of the epidermis. Histologically, the key feature of cutaneous irritation is intracellular edema (spongiosis) of the epidermal cells. Irritation of the skin is important and may account for 80% of clinically recognized human contact dermatitis.
Subchronic Dermal Exposure Studies with Industrial Chemicals
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Examples of common histopathologic findings are inflammation, mild spongiosis, degeneration and necrosis, epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, hyperplasia, dermal edema, fibrosis, atrophy, and hyperplasia of adnexa as signs of tolerated exposure concentrations. When doses are in excess microulcers, marked spongiosis, degeneration and mild to moderate necrosis, severe inflammation, and severe edema are conditions that destroy the integrity of the skin.
Nanoscale Ceramics
Published in Debasish Sarkar, Nanostructured Ceramics, 2018
Usually, the influence of nanoparticles on human body can be done three ways: Inhalation: Gases and vapors are the most common substances, although inhaled mists, aerosols, fine dust in preference nanoparticles, nanoobjects, their agglomerates, and aggregates may directly injure the pulmonary epithelium at various levels of the respiratory tract, leading to a wide range of tissue damage and disorders from tracheitis and bronchiolitis to pulmonary edema. For example, silicosis is a common disease for industrial workers who are frequently exposed to nanoscale silica-based particles [27].Dermal exposure: Skin comprising of epidermis and dermis, wherein, hair follicles and sweat glands provide pathways across these layers and peripheral blood flowing into the dermis. Intact stratum corneum (protective epidermis layer) provides an effective barrier against viruses, bacteria, and atmospheric toxic components. Although, this barrier is not absolutely impervious and theoretically very small particles can diffuse across the stratum corneum via cellular and/or intercellular pathways. The damaged barrier can facilitate permeation of foreign particles through skin. For example, the subchronic skin exposures to TiO2 (in sun protection cosmetics) could induce inflammation of the epidermis, leading to effects such as focal parakeratosis and spongiosis, whereas chronic exposures to TiO2 may accelerate skin aging [28].Ingestion: Use of biomedicine made of polymeric, solid lipid, hydrogels, metal, and ceramic nanosystems are growing exponentially, as these enhance the treatment efficacy and reduce the side effects. However, unwanted ingestion of nanoparticles, overdose, and noncompeting nanomedicine may be the reason of gastrointestinal diseases that affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract including acute, chronic, recurrent, functional disorders, or liver damage [29]. Thus, the parameters such as shape, size, surface chemistry, and geometry of nanoparticles are also important to encounter in the designing of a nanocarrier.
Investigation of tissue level tolerance for cerebral contusion in a controlled cortical impact porcine model
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2021
Dries De Kegel, Gracia Umuhire Musigazi, Andrea Menichetti, Peter-William Hellings, Raf Sciot, Philippe Demaerel, Nele Famaey, Jos Vander Sloten, Bart Depreitere
The histological features of the lesions displayed 3 characteristic findings as seen in CC. First, a meningeal inflammatory reaction was present over the impact site, which was absent on the contralateral side. The inflammatory cells of the pia-arachnoid were of mononuclear nature, mainly lymphocytes. Second, a delineated area of superficial cortex appeared necrotic (demonstrating “ghost” neurones). Inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages and neutrophils, were seen in the center and at the edge of the necrotic cortical area. The area of necrosis was surrounded by a transition area with neurones showing signs of ischemic shrinking (Figure 4). Third, edema (spongiosis) was the main feature in the white matter underlying the impacted cortex. Intercellular spaces were slightly widened without signs of necrosis.
Erythemato-Squamous Diseases Prediction and Interpretation Using Explainable AI
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Abhishek Singh Rathore, Siddhartha Kumar Arjaria, Manish Gupta, Gyanendra Chaubey, Amit Kumar Mishra, Vikram Rajpoot
Koebner phenomenon has a great impact on Seborrheic Dermatitis as shown in Figure 5(b). The presence of skin lesions on trauma lines, and the disappearance of the granular layer reduces the risk of Seborrheic Dermatitis. Higher the value of fibrosis of the papillary dermis, thinning of the suprapapillary epidermis, clubbing of the rete ridges involvement, perifollicular parakeratosis, follicular papules, and elongation of the rete ridges reduce the risk of Seborrheic Dermatitis. The presence of scaling in skin lesions, spongiosis, PNL infiltrate, and itching increases the chance of Seborrheic Dermatitis. Higher the involvement of oral mucosal, melanin incontinence, vacuolization and damage of basal layer, focal hypergranulosis, the saw-tooth pattern of rete, band-like infiltrate, and polygonal papules higher the chance of Lichen Planus as shown in Figure 5(c), while lower values reduce the risk. The presence of Koebner phenomenon and disappearance of the granular layer increases the risk of Pityriasis Rosea and fibrosis of the papillary dermis, follicular horn plug, and involvement of knee and elbow reduces the risk as shown in Figure 5(d). Higher the value of fibrosis of the papillary dermis, elongation of the rete ridges increases the probability of having Chronic Dermatitis while symptoms related spongiosis, koebner phenomenon, scaling in skin lesions suggests that there are low chances of Chronic Dermatitis in the subject as shown in Figure 5(e). If there are symptoms related to follicular horn plug, the subject has a family history, involvement of knee and elbow are seen, then there will be higher chances of Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris as shown in Figure 5(f). In addition, higher values of perifollicular parakeratosis, follicular papules increase the risk of Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris, while higher values of fibrosis of the papillary dermis reduce the risk.
Reduction of the size of L-fuzzy contexts. A tool for differential diagnoses of diseases
Published in International Journal of General Systems, 2019
Some patients can be diagnosed with these clinical features only but, frequently, a biopsy is necessary in order to evaluate the following histopathological features: Melanin incontinenceEosinophils in the infiltratePNL infiltrateFibrosis of the papillary dermisExocytosisAcanthosisHyperkeratosisParakeratosisClubbing of the rete ridgesElongation of the rete ridgesThinning of the suprapapillary epidermisSpongiform pustuleMunro microabcessFocal hypergranulosisDisappearance of the granular layerVacuolisation and damage of basal layerSpongiosisSaw-tooth appearance of retesFollicular horn plugPerifollicular parakeratosisInflammatory monoluclear inflitrateBand-like infiltrate