China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Historical and Current Uses of Pesticides
Published in James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill, Pesticides, Organic Contaminants, and Pathogens in Air, 2022
James N. Seiber, Thomas M. Cahill
Spinosad is a biologically derived insecticide and a leading biopesticide. It is produced by the fermentation culture of Saccharopolyspora spinosa, which is a soil organism. Spinosad is a mixture of two macrocyclic lactones in a tetracyclic ring (Figure 2.12, Table 2.1). Each component is an unsaturated tetracyclic ester with two sugar derivatives, forosamine and rhamnose. Spinosad is effective against a broad range of insect species, including Diptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. It operates by a neural mechanism, targeting the insect nervous system. The U.S. EPA has classified it as a reduced risk compound, as a naturally derived, low impact pesticide. The label carries the signal word “caution,” which is the lowest human hazard word assigned by EPA. Chronic exposure studies on rats and mice have not shown inducement of tumors.
Soil: Earth’s Lifeline
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
First isolated from soil in an abandoned rum distillery, Spinosad is derived from natural product spinosyns, which are waste products produced by the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa fermenting a natural food source. This substance is a neurotoxin to insect pests that afflict a number of economic pests including those that attack fruit, vegetables, trees, and cotton. Spinosad is nonvolatile, does not bioaccumulate, and has a low toxicity to mammals. Spinosad was awarded the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award during 1999.
Turfgrass Insects
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Recently, another bacterium, Serratia entomophila, has shown promise for the control of grass grubs in New Zealand. A new class of insecticides, Spinosad (called naturalytes), contains fermented-derived products from the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. It is a gut poison and must be eaten by the insect to be effective. It is used at low rates and has relatively short residual activity. Research continues on the commercial development of these and other beneficial bacteria and their products.
Death of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata) leukocytes induced by in vivo exposure to temephos and spinosad
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
K. J. G. Díaz-Resendiz, A. T. Hermosillo-Escobedo, G. H. Ventura-Ramón, G. A. Toledo-Ibarra, D. A. Girón-Pérez, A. Y. Bueno-Durán, M. I. Girón-Pérez
Together with the toxicity above mentioned, it has been reported that the massive use of temephos has created resistance in different mosquito species, making the pesticide less effective (Chávez et al. 2005; Cruz-Gallardo et al. 2014). Therefore, health ministries in several countries, including Mexico, have implemented alternative solutions as the use of natural pesticides, or biopesticides, which are obtained from animals, plants, or microorganisms. Theoretically, they possess little to no risk to health and the environment. Spinosad (produced from the fermentation of Saccharopolyspora spinosa bacteria) is the natural pesticide most used in Mexico to control vectors. It excites the nervous system by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, causing involuntary muscle contractions that, in turn, can lead to tremors, paralysis, and the death of the mosquito (Nava-Pérez et al. 2012). The use of this pesticide has increased since it is promoted as being natural, friendly to the environment and apparently non-toxic to health (Leahy et al. 2014). However, there is evidence that spinosad induces apoptosis in HEK293 cells (Yang et al. 2016) and hepatic cells of Oreochromis niloticus (Piner and Üner 2013). In addition, it increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (Piner and Üner 2013) and significantly inhibits AChE activity in the liver and brain of these fish (Piner and Üner 2012).
Low toxicity and high efficacy in use of novel approaches to control Aedes aegypti
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
The mode of action of spinosyns occurs after ingestion or contact by the organisms. Specifically, spinosad acts by binding on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) directly in the nervous system as an allosteric agonist of acetylcholine (Salgado and Sparks 2005). Evidence also suggests a minor impact on the γ -amino butyric acid (r) receptor neurotransmitter and on GABA-gated chloride channels (Table 2) (Biondi et al. 2012; El-Naggar et al. 2017). Thus, through stimulation of nAChRs and GABA receptors, exposure to spinosad produces involuntary neuronal excitation of the insect central nervous system (CNS), hence rapidly leading to tremors, prolonged muscle contractions, absence of feeding activity, paralysis, and death (Orr et al. 2009; Salgado 1998).
Properties, toxicity and current applications of the biolarvicide spinosad
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos, Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
As a neurotoxic compound, the mode of action (MOA) of spinosad affects the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) directly in the nervous system, precisely acting as allosteric modulator (Biondi et al. 2012). Through stimulation of nAChR and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, spinosad induces rapid excitation of the organism nervous system, producing paralysis and death. Several investigators showed that spinosad binds at a different site in comparison to the neonicotinoid pesticides that act through an allosteric mechanism (Orr et al. 2009; Puinean et al. 2013). Specifically, Salgado (1998) reported that spinosad directly affects the insect central nervous system, inducing involuntary neuronal rapid excitation that consequently initiating tremors, prolonged muscle contractions, paralysis, and death.