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Physiology of the Human Biliary System
Published in Wenguang Li, Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Biomechanical Modelling with Physiological and Clinical Elements, 2021
The sphincter of Oddi is located at the termination of CBD and pancreatic duct. The human sphincter of Oddi segment is 6–15 mm in length and demonstrates a muscular structure. The physiological functions include the following: (1) to regulate bile flow into the duodenum, (2) to divert hepatic bile into the GB and (3) to prevent reflux of duodenal contents from the duodenum into the biliary tree (Dodds et al. 1989; Funch-Jensen 1995). The CCK released due to stimulation of ingestion of a fatty meal can cause the GB to contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax for bile emptying. Coordination of GB and sphincter of Oddi function may also be influenced by nerve bundles which connect the GB and the sphincter of Oddi via the CD (Luman et al. 1997; Mawe 1998). The effect of enteric hormones on sphincter of Oddi motor function was determined by recording intraluminal pressure from the human sphincter of Oddi (Geenen et al. 1980). It was found that the human sphincter of Oddi demonstrated unique phasic contractions, which would have an important role in regulating biliary and pancreatic duct emptying (Geenen et al. 1980). In recent years, several studies on the opossum sphincter of Oddi, which is ~3 cm in length, have been conducted (Toouli et al. 1983; Liu et al. 1992; Calabuig et al. 1990; Grivell et al. 2004). The findings show that the sphincter of Oddi regulates bile as a peristaltic pump at low CBD pressure and as a resistor at higher CBD pressure. Funch-Jensen et al. (1981) observed that the CCK injection inhibited the activity of the sphincter of Oddi of dogs; as a result, bile flow was increased, but GB pressure remained unchanged. Furthermore, Funch-Jensen (1995) argued that the peristaltic pump activity of human sphincter of Oddi was probably less important since CCK inhibited phasic wave of sphincter of Oddi.
Gastrointestinal imaging 2: liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenals, biliary tract and aorta
Published in Sarah McWilliams, Practical Radiological Anatomy, 2011
o The CBD runs on the posterior aspect of the pancreatic head and then opens with the pancreatic duct into the second part of the duodenum at the papilla. There is a circular muscle layer called the sphincter of Oddi at the ampulla. A variant is the pancreatic duct and CBD open-ing separately into the duodenum
Patient-specific fluid–structure interaction model of bile flow: comparison between 1-way and 2-way algorithms
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Alex G. Kuchumov, Vasily Vedeneev, Vladimir Samartsev, Aleksandr Khairulin, Oleg Ivanov
Moreover, it should be noticed that gallbladder absence due to cholecystectomy may lead to different pressure-related complications: sphincter of Oddi disorders (Tanaka et al. 1984), dilatation of the common bile duct (Lv et al. 2015), post-cholecystectomy syndrome (Benias et al. 2018).