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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The peripheral nervous system has two main subdivisions (Figure 1.6): The somatic nervous system, concerned with sensory input to the central nervous system and with motor output to skeletal muscle.The autonomic nervous system, concerned with the control of visceral functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiration, and perspiration. The autonomic nervous system has two main subdivisions: (i) the sympathetic nervous system, involved in the “fight-or-flight” response that mobilizes the body to respond to stressful or threatening conditions, and (ii) the parasympathetic nervous system, concerned with activities of the body at rest, such as digestion and waste elimination. Most organs and systems of the body receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation acting in opposition, thereby providing a more effective, finer control.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscles (in contrast to the striated or skeletal muscles found in our limbs and other parts of the body). The autonomic nervous system also controls the heart, the digestive and urinary systems and the secreting glands such as sweat and salivary glands. In general, the autonomic nervous system is concerned with involuntary nerve impulses. The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary actions, such as movement, is known as the somatic nervous system.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscles (in contrast to the striated or skeletal muscles found in our limbs and other parts of the body). The autonomic nervous system also controls the heart, the digestive and urinary systems and the secreting glands such as sweat and salivary glands. In general, the autonomic nervous system is concerned with involuntary nerve impulses. The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary actions, such as movement, is known as the somatic nervous system.
Mechanism of peripheral nerve modulation and recent applications
Published in International Journal of Optomechatronics, 2021
Heejae Shin, Minseok Kang, Sanghoon Lee
The PNS is divided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that handles involuntary movements (heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc.) and the somatic nervous system (SNS) that controls voluntary responses (muscle contraction, etc.). The autonomic nervous system is again divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system (and the enteric nervous system). Since the ANS regulates the functions of organs such as the small intestine, the large intestine, and the heart, it is being targeted for the treatment of various diseases by implanting bioelectronics into the relevant nerves (e.g., vagus nerve[2–4]). The SNS is classified into the sensory nervous system responsible for afferent signals and the motor nervous system responsible for efferent signals. In the case of the somatic nervous system, because it controls muscles for the movements of arms and legs, many researchers are targeting those nerves to improve the function of the bionic limbs,[5–7] as well as for therapeutic purposes such as muscle rehabilitation.[8,9]