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Gene Therapy in Tissue Engineering: Prospects and Challenges
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
In this case, the therapeutic genes are transferred into any somatic or body cell other than germ cell or gamete or gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell. The changes or modifications that might follow will be restricted to the individual patient who has received the gene and not the future generation. Since somatic cells are nonreproductive, there is no inheritance of the character by the offspring of the patient. The technique is, therefore, considered conservative and safer than the germline gene therapy (GGT). In majority of cases, the somatic gene therapy involves integration of therapeutic gene either into the genome of the person or is present as an extrachromosomal plasmid or episome and helps in treating a disease. Certain disorders such as hemophilia, thalassemia, and cystic fibrosis (single gene defects) are excellent candidates for SCGT. It is, however, not possible to target all somatic cells; therefore, complete correction of genetic disorder by this method is not possible (Mavilio et al., 2008). Currently, almost all research directed to correct genetic defects is by SCGT. The technique can be further categorized as follows.
Haptic Interface
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
Haptic interface presents synthetic stimulation to somatic sensation. Somatic sensation comprises proprioception and skin sensation. Proprioception is complemented by mechanoreceptors of skeletal articulations and muscles. There are three types of joint position receptors: (1) free nerve endings, (2) Ruffini corpuscles, and (3) Pacinian corpuscles. The Ruffini corpuscle detects static force. On the other hand, Pacinian corpuscle has a function to measure acceleration of the joint angle. Position and motion of the human body is perceived by these receptors. Force sensation is derived from mechanoreceptors of muscles, muscle spindles, and golgi tendons. These receptors detect contact forces applied by an obstacle in the environment.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscles (in contrast to the striated or skeletal muscles found in our limbs and other parts of the body). The autonomic nervous system also controls the heart, the digestive and urinary systems and the secreting glands such as sweat and salivary glands. In general, the autonomic nervous system is concerned with involuntary nerve impulses. The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary actions, such as movement, is known as the somatic nervous system.
Bodies in mind: using peripheral psychophysiology to probe emotional and social processes
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2021
Gina M. Grimshaw, Michael C. Philipp
Afferent signals project signals from body to brain. Visceral afferents carry sensory information from the smooth muscle of the internal organs, or viscera – the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and gut (for review, see Jänig 1996). Somatic afferents come from the skin (carrying somatosensory signals of pain, pressure, and heat), and from the skeletal muscles, tendons, and joints (providing position sense; Tassinary et al. 2016). Together, visceral and somatic afferents give rise to interoception, the sense that represents the body’s internal state (Craig 2003; Garfinkel et al. 2016). Visceral afferents allow us to feel a quickening of the pulse or butterflies in the stomach, while the somatic afferents carry important information about threats to body tissues or the social signals in a hug, a kiss, or a lover’s caress. Within the brain, the primary target for interoceptive afferents is the insula, a midline structure that integrates signals from the body with those from other senses. The insula is a central hub in a network that is thought to give rise to the subjective feeling of emotion (Critchley et al. 2004; Pollatos et al. 2007; Craig 2009).
Evaluating Photoplethysmogram as a Real-Time Cognitive Load Assessment during Game Playing
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2018
Xiao Zhang, Yongqiang Lyu, Xin Hu, Ziyue Hu, Yuanchun Shi, Hao Yin
The human body is controlled by nervous systems which consists of two main parts, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system can be subdivided into the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS). The functions of most organs of human body are under control of the ANS which is able to regulate human body’s major physiological activities (Kreibig, 2010) and thus has impact on related vital signs, e.g., heart rate (HR), HRV, pulse rate (PR), pulse rate variation respiration, blood pressure (BP), pupil dilation, and eye blink. The ANS can be divided into two parts, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
Pistacia lentiscus L. fruits showed promising antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activity using both in-vitro and in-vivo test systems
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Ghania Bouguellid, Nadjet Debbache-Benaida, Dina Atmani-Kilani, Chiara Russo, Margherita Lavorgna, Concetta Piscitelli, Karima Ayouni, Meriem Berboucha-Rahmani, Marina Isidori, Djebbar Atmani
Research has shown that human activities and global environmental pollution have increased genetic mutation frequency in human cells (De Oliveira et al. 2021; Krewski et al. 2019; Parsa 2012). Further, increasing evidence indicates that somatic cell mutations play a key role in carcinogenesis and in development of genetic disorders (Basu 2018). Agents that induce DNA damage initiate an elevation in the rate of mutation, which, subsequently alters cell regulatory control, leading to uncontrolled cell division and cancer (Williams and Schumacher 2016).