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Microbiome Reshaping and Epigenetic Regulation
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Olugbenga Samuel Michael, Olufemi Idowu Oluranti, Ayomide Michael Oshinjo, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kehinde Samuel Olaniyi, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji
It was also documented that the environments during fetal growth have different microbiota while the gut microbiota increases during pregnancy (Perez et al., 2007). One such is the reduction in birth weight and preterm birth caused by gut dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel diseases in maternal pregnancy (Getahun et al., 2014). In addition, Dahl and coworkers (2017) reported that analysis of gut microbiome of mothers with preterm birth is associated with low gut microbial diversity characterized by reduced Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Streptococcus spp. It was also revealed that high level of Actinomyces naeslundii and Lactobacillus casei in the saliva of pregnant women can have both negative and positive impact on the weight of the newborn infant (Dasanayake et al., 2005). Dysbiotic oral microbiome, as seen in periodontal disease, results in adverse pregnancy outcomes, atherosclerosis, etc. (Cobb et al., 2017). There is an evidence of oral-placental microbiome axis in preterm birth (Fardini et al., 2010). Dysbiotic oral microbiome can be translocated to the placenta resulting in preterm birth. Gut and oral microbiomes have contributory influence on the development of placental microbiome (Gomez-Arango et al., 2017). Periodontal disease can induce deadly inflammation to the womb, leading to small-for-gestational age (SGA) or premature delivery through microbiota-dependent mechanism.
Human Health Studies
Published in Barry L. Johnson, Impact of Hazardous Waste on Human Health, 2020
Camp LeJeune, North Carolina: A retrospective cohort study of exposure to VOCs in drinking water and a variety of adverse pregnancy outcomes was conducted at a military base in North Carolina (ATSDR, 1997d). Part of the military base was an NPL site, potentially contributing to contamination of the base’s drinking water supply. The study examined birth records among residents of the base’s family housing. One part of the study focused on mean birth weight and small-for-gestational-age as indicators of potential adverse reproductive effects. Birth certificates were evaluated for the period 1968–1985. Study cohorts consisted of infants born to 6,131 long-term, tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-exposed women, 141 short-term TCE-exposed women, 31 long-term TCE-exposed women, and 5,681 unexposed women. Findings for the PCE-exposed group as a whole showed no association between drinking water contamination and mean birth weight and small-for-gestational-age. However, for vulnerable subgroups within the PCE-exposed group, associations between PCE exposure and the study outcomes were noted for infants of mothers 35 years of age or older and infants whose mothers had histories of fetal deaths. For older mothers, the adjusted difference in mean birth weight for PCE-exposed births was 207 grams less than for unexposed births (90% CI −334 to −79), and the adjusted odds ratio for PCE exposure and small-for-gestational-age was 3.9 (90% CI 1.6 to 9.8). TCE-exposed groups were generally too small to permit a causal inference between exposure and reproductive outcomes.
Obstetrics and gynaecology
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Clinical features suggestive of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) include small maternal size, slow weight gain, maternal hypertension, or a history of complications in previous pregnancies such as preeclampsia. IUGR may be confirmed by various US measurements of the fetus including measurements of biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdomen circumference and femur length, and estimation of fetal weight (EFW). A fetus is defined as being small for gestational age if the EFW is below the 10th centile. The most common cause of IUGR is placental insufficiency. In such cases, the IUGR is asymmetric, i.e. the abdomen is disproportionately small compared with the head. Symmetrical IUGR (head and abdomen reduced in size to an equal degree) may be caused by chromosomal disorders including trisomy 13 or 18.
Association of maternal blood lead concentration with the risk of small for gestational age: A dose-response meta-analysis
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2022
Ahmad Habibian Sezavar, Bahman Pourhassan, Nader Rahimi Kakavandi, Mohammad Reza Hooshangi Shayeste, Morteza Abyadeh
Small for gestational age (SGA), characterized as the birth weight <10th percentile of the normal birth weight for gestational age, is correlated with morbidity and increased neonatal mortality rates.6 The incidence of SGA infants is increased during the last decade, and now, it is about 9.7 percent globally.7 Infants with SGA are at the higher risk for increased long-term growth impairment, morbidity, and birth adaptation complications including hypoglycemia, hypothermia, prenatal acidosis, selected immunological deficiencies, and coagulation abnormalities.8–10 Epidemiological studies have shown an association between maternal lead exposure and the risk of SGA.11 However, there are some conflicting studies.12–14
Association between residential proximity to municipal solid waste incinerator sites and birth outcomes in Shanghai: a retrospective cohort study of births during 2014–2018
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Yanhui Hao, Weibin Wu, William D. Fraser, Hefeng Huang
We examined the associations between maternal MSWI site exposures and identified birth outcomes were as follows: (a) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), (b) preeclampsia, (c) preterm birth (PTB, defined as completed gestational age <37 weeks), (d) small for gestational age (SGA) at birth, and (e) large for gestational age (LGA) at birth. The criteria used to define the SGA/LGA were based on observed birth weight/mean birth weight at a given gestational age for each sex according to Chinese population reference data (Zhu et al. 2015). GDM and preeclampsia diagnoses were extracted from medical records.