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Applied Ergonomics of Cycling Performance
Published in Youlian Hong, Routledge Handbook of Ergonomics in Sport and Exercise, 2013
Michael D. Kennedy, William N. Lampe
The lower muscular force per pedal stroke required at higher pedalling cadences would be metabolically favorable during longer bouts of cycling, reducing the development of muscular fatigue and the cyclist’s ratings of perceived exertion (Lollgen et al., 1980; Lucia et al., 2001). In addition, there may be hemodynamic and neuromuscular benefits to adopting higher cadences that are more relevant during prolonged exercise (Gotshall et al., 1996; Lucia et al., 2001, 2004; Takaishi et al., 1996), shifting the most economical cadence upwards as exercise duration increases. Evidence indicates that these hemodynamic benefits across a range of cadences often adopted by cyclists (70–110 rpm) include increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure concomitant with lower vascular resistance (Gotshall et al., 1996). These benefits are suggested to be mediated through the skeletal muscle pump, which may be more effective in increasing blood flow and venous return at higher cadences (Gotshall et al., 1996; Lucia et al., 2001, 2004; Takaishi et al., 1996).
Cardiovascular System:
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
The larger veins in the legs lie close to the skeletal muscle beds and can be compressed with skeletal muscle contraction. This compression pushes the venous blood forward toward the heart (and the valves prevent the backflow when the muscles relax). This is referred to as the skeletal muscle pump, and it is a factor in encouraging venous return. Other factors that aid in venous return include the respiratory suction (the negative pressure created on inspiration) and the diastolic suction (created during isovolumic relaxation); these help create a pressure gradient between the veins and the right atrium.
The Venous System
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
Artin A. Shoukas and Carl F. Rothe
conjunction with venous valves, provides an important mechanism-the skeletal muscle pump-aiding the large increases in blood ow through the muscles without excessive increases in capillary pressure and blood pooling in the veins of the muscles. Without this mechanism, the increase in venous return leading to the dramatic increases in cardiac output would be greatly limited.
The effects of a calf pump device on second half performance of a simulated soccer match in competitive youth players
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
S. Béliard, J. Cassirame, G. Ennequin, G. Coratella, N. Tordi
Electrical stimulation provides a series of stimuli delivered superficially using surface electrodes. During recovery, the most promising stimulation method is low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES), because it induces short duration muscle contractions that may evoke a muscle pump effect and enhance muscle blood flow (Babault, Cometti, Maffiuletti, & Deley, 2011). When LFES is applied to a muscle group (the muscle group most involved in the physical activity), the effect is thought to be local and may improve the venous blood drainage. When a systemic effect is sought, the LFES must be applied to the calf in order to activate “skeletal muscle pump” which is the main mechanism of venous return (Griffin, Nicolaides, Bond, Geroulakos, & Kalodiki, 2010). This dichotomy is very rarely reported in studies dedicated to LFES (Malone, Blake, & Caulfield, 2014). In the literature, few studies applied LEFS on the calf (Bieuzen, Borne, Toussaint, & Hausswirth, 2014; Borne et al., 2016; Erten et al., 2016; Lattier, Millet, Martin, & Martin, 2004), results showed an improvement of short-term recovery between 2 bouts of exhausting exercises. Unfortunately in these studies, the exhaustive exercises carried out were far from the real conditions of practice and the recovery times were heterogeneous (15–30 min). In this study, we chose to implement the recovery device on the calf muscle for several reasons. First, these muscles are highly stressed during a soccer match (running, jumping), they will be directly affected by muscle fatigue induced by exercise. A local effect of LFES could be beneficial. Second, stimulation of the calf muscles will activate “skeletal muscle pump” in order to improve systemic recovery.