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Designing for Head and Neck Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Products to protect eyesight must conform to the bony structures, muscles, and other tissues surrounding the eyes. Nose and mouth protection can range from a very simple cloth face mask filter for environmental particles to a complex self-contained breathing apparatus. The simple face mask comes in one size, is made of a flexible textile, and formed with accordion-like pleats so that the mask can shape around the lower face from the bridge of the nose to under the chin. Relatively long ties give size adaptability. Respirators require precise fit to the face to be effective. Shaped rigid materials paired with conformable materials can give a degree of good fit as well as comfort for the structures of the nose, mouth, and jaw. Although these products cover a limited area of the head, the need for good fit requires carefully selected and detailed landmarking and measuring procedures.
Pediatric contrast reactions and airway management
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Jane S. Matsumoto, John T. Wald
For a child with spontaneous respiration or mild distress, a simple face mask delivers oxygen more effectively than a nasal cannula, and will deliver an oxygen concentration of 30–60 per cent at an oxygen flow rate of 6–10 L/min. This mask may be supported near the child’s face to provide ‘blow-by’ oxygen if the child will not tolerate covering of the mouth and nose. The unrestrained conscious child in respiratory distress will want to sit in the position in which he or she is most comfortable, and allowing this may well facilitate care.
COVID-19: ensuring our medical equipment can meet the challenge
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Francesco Garzotto, Erica Ceresola, Sofia Panagiotakopoulou, Giovanni Spina, Francesca Menotto, Marco Benozzi, Maurizio Casarotto, Corrado Lanera, Maria Giuseppina Bonavina, Dario Gregori, Gaudenzio Meneghesso, Giuseppe Opocher
The Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection for coronavirus patients published by the World Health Organization (WHO) [7] give some technical address alongside clinical ones: for patients admitted to hospital with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and respiratory distress, hypoxemia or shock and target SpO2 > 94%, it is recommended to provide supplemental oxygen therapy immediately; ‘all areas where patients with SARI are cared for should be equipped with pulse oximeters, functioning oxygen systems and disposable, single-use, oxygen-delivering interfaces (nasal cannula, nasal prongs, simple face mask, and mask with reservoir bag).’ In the most severe cases, COVID-19 can be complicated by acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and septic shock, multiorgan failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI), and cardiac injury [7]. These patients require a fully equipped ICU facilities with mechanical ventilation devices and accessories, monitoring systems, infusion pumps for nutrition and drugs/fluids delivery. A comprehensive list of medical devices for Covid-19 and related standards is available on the WHO disease commodity package [8]. Furthermore, Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) system to treat AKI and Fluid Overload (FO) [9] and Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are also devices to consider [10]. In a retrospective study [11] 59% of the cases developed SEPSI, 15% AKI, and 5% were treated with RRT. Studies specifically focused on CRRT as supportive therapies for the Covid-19- septic patients are currently lack but treatments and devices aimed to reduce the cytokine storm associated with the Covid-19 [12] have been extensively reported [13]. For less severe patients high flow nasal cannula, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure/noninvasive ventilation (CPAP/NIV), monitors and dedicate equipment are also necessary and should be provided to the respiratory, infectious disease or COVID-19 dedicated units.