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Stimulation of Excitable Tissue and Sensory Stimulators
Published in Leslie A. Geddes, Handbook of Electrical Hazards and Accidents, 1995
Iontophoresis has been applied to the eye, ear, nose, gums, genital areas and skin. Tyle (1986, 1988) reviewed many of the clinical uses for iontophoresis. When applied to the skin, alcohol is used to clean the site for the active electrode. Some of the uses for iontophoresis are the relief of localized cutaneous pain, creation of local anesthesia to obtain a shave biopsy or to cauterize superficial blood vessels. The production of local anesthesia is popular in dermatology. For example Maloney et al. (1992) compared the topical anesthetic effect of iontophoretically injected lidocaine and lidocaine combined with epinephrine in 64 patients. It was found that the mean duration of anesthesia was 12.1 minutes for lidocaine alone and 86.9 minutes for the combination of lidocaine and epinephrine. This 7-fold enhancement is due to the epinephrine which is a vasoconstrictor that prevents the rapid removal of the lidocaine by reducing the superficial capillary blood flow.
Recent advances in nanotechnology based combination drug therapy for skin cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Shweta Kumari, Prabhat Kumar Choudhary, Rahul Shukla, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani
Diagnoses of skin cancer starts with a medical history, local examination of skin, dermatoscopy, high frequency ultrasonography and histopathological examination with surgical biopsy (Figure 3). Dermatoscopy is a noninvasive method, it refers to the examination of skin using skin surface microscopy (lens system) and a strong light source which is useful in distinguishing typical skin cancerous changes and is also called as ‘epiluminoscopy’ and ‘epiluminescent microscopy’. Dermatoscopy is mainly used for the evaluation of pigmented skin lesions. In, experienced hands, it is easier to diagnose melanoma. Dermatoscopy is helpful in diagnosing basal cell cancer in addition to skin inspection [31]. With both melanoma and non melanoma skin cancer, the diagnostic confirmation of a suspected lesion is done with the help of skin biopsy and histopathological examinations. The biopsy of the lesion is done by doing excision of 2–5 mm of healthy skin and is accomplished either using punch or shave biopsy. The treatment is decided on the basis of size and the anatomical site of the tumour.