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Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
Chondroitin sulfate also has wide biomedical applications, such as controlling tissue permeability and hydration, macromolecular transport between cells, and bacterial invasion control (Bilal et al., 2020). GAGs bind to proteins and form proteoglycans. Proteoglycans can capture growth factors that make GAGs suitable for tissue regeneration (Al Khawli et al., 2020). Marine collagen combined with chondroitin sulfate, derived from shark cartilage, can be used to simulate the human cartilage extracellular matrix when developing scaffolds (Xu et al., 2021).
Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
The process incorporating biological enzymolysis, mixed microbial fermentation and contemporary biological separation has been used to extract chondroitin sulfate from shark cartilage. The biological enzymolysis technology employed the enzyme compound system consisting of one or more combinations of papain, trypsin, neutral protease, pepsin, and flavorzyme. Fermented strains for mixed microbial fermentation include mostly Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus and Bacillus subtilis (Xuan et al., 2020).
Structural characterization and in vitro immunogenicity evaluation of amphibian-derived collagen type II from the cartilage of Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus)
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Jianlin Luo, Xiaojing Yang, Yu Cao, Guoyong Li, Yonglu Meng, Can Li
The chemical composition of cartilage varies with the animal species and habitat environments [17]. Proximate compositions of the CGS cartilage and collagens, and the yields are shown in Table 1. The CGS cartilage contained lower moisture (49.79%) than aquatic animal cartilages such as shark (63.56–78.30%) [18] and sturgeon (68.97%) [15]. The protein content of CGS cartilage (13.50% based on wet weight and 32.26% based on dry weight) was lower than chick sternal cartilage [19] but higher than sturgeon cartilage [15] and comparable to shark cartilage [18]. The suitable moisture and protein content revealed a good collagen resource. The ash content of CGS cartilage (27.80% based on wet weight and 66.43% based on dry weight) was significantly higher than that of chick sternal cartilage [19], shark [18] and sturgeon cartilage [5], carp [20] and miiuy croaker scale [21], even close to the shark bone [22]. The high ash content revealed high minerals in CGS cartilage. The fat content in CGS cartilage was higher than that in shark cartilage (0.23%) [18], but much lower that that in chick sternal cartilage (1.01%) [19] and sturgeon cartilage (1.41%) [15]. In the isolated collagen, the protein content markedly increased and other compositions dramatically decreased. These data indicated that clear majority of minerals (>97%) and impurities (>96%) were removed from the cartilage through the pre-treatment and extraction process.
Development of microstructured fish scale collagen scaffolds to manufacture a tissue-engineered oral mucosa equivalent
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Ayako Suzuki, Hiroko Kato, Takahiro Kawakami, Yoshihiro Kodama, Mayuko Shiozawa, Hiroyuki Kuwae, Keito Miwa, Emi Hoshikawa, Kenta Haga, Aki Shiomi, Atsushi Uenoyama, Issei Saitoh, Haruaki Hayasaki, Jun Mizuno, Kenji Izumi
Using the negative molds comprising four different micropattern prototypes mimicking the connective tissue papilla of oral mucosa, five scaffolds including a flat surface control, comprising either 1% type I tilapia scale atelocollagen matrix, were prepared with or without 1% CS. Cellcampus (100% freeze-dried collagen; FD-08G, Taki Chemical Co., Ltd., Hyogo, Japan) was dissolved in HCl (pH 3.0) at 1.1 wt%, at which the entire collagen content is gelated. The collagen solution was mixed with Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (PBS, KAC Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) with or without CS at 4 °C. CS derived from shark cartilage (Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan) was dissolved in PBS to dispense a 10% CS solution. The 10% CS solution was mixed with a 1.1% collagen solution in the ratio of 9:1, which results in 1% collagen with 1% CS. After pouring each collagen matrix solution into the PDMS molds, or inverting Si molds and immersing them into each collagen solution, both molds were placed into an incubator (25 °C) to induce fibrogenesis (Figure 2, middle). Since the denaturation temperature of tilapia scale collagen is 27 °C, temperatures not exceeding 25 °C are critical during the entire process of fabricating the collagen gels [18]. Next, ten collagen gels were γ-irradiated for cross-linking and sterilization [19]. For simplifying scaffold fabrication, the surrounding collagen matrix surface of the 14 mm square-shaped microstructure was planarized. A columnar collagen gel having a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 11 mm, each of three 1% collagen gels with or without 1% CS, was used for measuring Young's modulus. It was determined by means of a compact table-top universal tester (EZ-LX, Shimazu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) with a compression speed of 0.15 mm/s.