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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
The diagnosis of bacterial infection can occur via a variety of methods which includes: Direct visualisation of bacteria via microscopy of human samples including body fluids and faeces. Bacteria can also be cultured from human specimen such as blood in specially prepared culture media that provide an ideal environment for these organisms to grow, for example, the use of blood cultures to diagnose infection with Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.Serology: this involves the use of a variety of techniques to detect and quantify specific antibodies in human samples or provide evidence of raised antibody titres from paired specimen following infection with a specific pathogen.Molecular methods: this approach involves the detection of specific molecules or genetic material using techniques such as probe hybridisation, PCR amplification and ligase chain reaction.Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsiae and Coxiellae – These organisms represent a heterogeneous group of bacteria with unique phenotypic characteristic that are dependent on living cells for their survival.
Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19
Published in Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra, COVID-19 and Emerging Environmental Trends, 2020
Joystu Dutta, Srijan Goswami, Abhijit Mitra
Serology-based tests (detects immune response to SARS-CoV-2 exposure) – These are blood tests that are used to detect whether a person is infected with SARS-CoV-2 or not by analyzing specific products of the immune response. In medicine, serology means the scientific study of serum, and in general practice, it refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in serum. A significant aspect that one needs to understand is that these tests do not directly detect SARS-CoV-2 in the patient’s body, but just detects the presence or absence of antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2. The positive test result implies that the person’s immune system has developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, which helps in knowing that the person was infected by the pathogen. Serological tests are used to screen individuals who are asymptomatic or have recovered. Table 3.2 provides a brief idea about the types of serological assays.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Serology (adj.: serological) is the study of serum reactions between an antigen and its antibody. Serology is mainly used to identify and distinguish between antigens, such as those specific to micro-organisms or viruses. Serology is also employed as an indicator technique to assay plants suspected of being virus-infected.
The effects of acute respiratory illness on exercise and sports performance outcomes in athletes – A systematic review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus group on “Acute respiratory illness in the athlete”
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Kelly Kaulback, David B. Pyne, James H. Hull, Carolette Snyders, Nicola Sewry, Martin Schwellnus
The categorisation of respiratory illness was aligned to a standardised classification as defined by other subgroups of the IOC consensus group for “Acute respiratory illness in athletes”. This group established methods to diagnose ARill in each study as follows: (1) self-reported symptoms of ARill only, (2) self-reported symptoms but with an algorithm partially validated for ARill, (3) self-reported symptoms of an ARill reviewed by a physician, but without clinical or laboratory evaluation, (4) clinical diagnosis of an ARill by a physician, based on history and clinical examination, (5) diagnosis of ARill by a physician that was confirmed by laboratory investigation to identify a specific pathogen as follows: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing on specimens, culture of an organism from specimens, or serology (e.g. increase in antibody titres). Using the methods of diagnosis of ARill as the primary category, studies were differentiated based on a pathological classification into two main groups: Undiagnosed Acute Respiratory Illness (ARill) and Acute Respiratory Infection (ARinf). All ARinf were classified into two subgroups as follows: suspected ARinf and confirmed ARinf. (Supplementary Table S1)
Blood lead level and Helicobacter pylori infection in a healthy population: A cross-sectional study
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2020
Won-Ju Park, Soo-Hyeon Kim, WonYang Kang, Ji-Sung Ahn, Seunghyeon Cho, Dae-Young Lim, Suwhan Kim, Jai-Dong Moon
Tests for detecting H. pylori infection are divided into invasive methods using endoscopy and noninvasive methods. Endoscopic examination includes histologic examination, biopsy urease test, and bacterial culture. Noninvasive methods include urea breathing test, stool antigen assay, and serology test.14 The accuracy of histologic examination of H. pylori infection can be improved using Giemsa staining. H. pylori infection is diagnosed by histologic examination with Giemsa staining, which is known to have high sensitivity and specificity (95% and 98%, respectively).15,16 Previous studies using seroprevalence test (IgG) have revealed that once infected with H. pylori, the seroprevalence test findings continuously turned out to be positive, and thus, the current infection status cannot be known exactly. This study identified the current infection status through histologic examination with Giemsa staining. Accordingly, this study found that the H. pylori infection rate was 27.8%, which was lower than those found in previous studies using the seroprevalence test.
Epidemiology, virology and clinical aspects of hantavirus infections: an overview
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Sima Singh, Arshid Numan, Dinesh Sharma, Rahul Shukla, Amit Alexander, Gaurav Kumar Jain, Farhan Jalees Ahmad, Prashant Kesharwani
The initial diagnosis of human transmittable hantavirus infection is dependent on experience of infection resulting from epidemiological contact with the virus. It is handled through clinical consideration and epidemiological contact with the virus. This is primarily a critical laboratory investigation (Figueiredo et al. 2014). A cough, lumbago, kidney dysfunction, and previous outdoor movements will be performed for a Hantavirus examination. The presence of thrombocytopenia may be seen during the early phases of the disease. In addition to the clinical history of patients and the lab findings, they would provide an understanding of the behavior of the disease that coincides with the time of year, also considering the frequency of seasonal patterns, would make a far better prognosis (which vary from country to country). Depending on the history of the patient, they may develop an allegedly accurate and fairly accurate diagnosis, especially in countries with high levels of Hantavirus. Some conventional techniques such as cell culture (Eckerle et al. 2014), antibody serology (Barrera et al. 2015), and antigen detection by immunohistochemistry assays (Kucinskaite-Kodze et al. 2011) are being used in combination with more sophisticated methods such as the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the identification of viral RNA. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is also a valuable method for detection (Engler et al. 2013). Hantavirus culture is usually inefficient and is not commonly practiced in clinical laboratories. Human hantavirus infection causes very short-term viremia, which makes viral RNA detection studies ineffective.