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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Some systems described as ‘sentinel’ surveillance systems do not seek to capture all events but rather focus on improving the completeness and quality of reporting from a dedicated and representative sample of participants, for example in general practice (GP)/primary care. There are also surveillance systems such as ‘syndromic surveillance’, which are based on information about individual symptoms or aggregations of defined symptoms (i.e. syndromes) rather than laboratory-confirmed diagnoses of disease. These systems may provide some early warning of changes in the occurrence of certain infections, for example influenza, which will then need to be corroborated using other systems.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Some systems described as ‘sentinel’ surveillance systems do not seek to capture all events but rather focus on improving the completeness and quality of reporting from a dedicated and representative sample of participants, for example in general practice (GP)/primary care. There are also surveillance systems such as ‘syndromic surveillance’, which are based on information about individual symptoms or aggregations of defined symptoms (i.e. syndromes) rather than laboratory-confirmed diagnoses of disease. These systems may provide some early warning of changes in the occurrence of certain infections, for example influenza which will then need to be corroborated using other systems.
Identifying Exposures and Health Outcomes in Former Worker Populations
Published in Kirk A. Phillips, Dirk P. Yamamoto, LeeAnn Racz, Total Exposure Health, 2020
Jeffrey R. Miller, Ashley Golden, Zachariah Hubbell
The essential elements of an effective epidemiologic surveillance system will be specific to the situation at hand but generally incorporate the following concepts: Case definition—A set of criteria (not necessarily diagnostic criteria) that must be fulfilled to identify a person as representing a case of a particular disease. Case definitions can be based on geographic, clinical, laboratory, or combined clinical and laboratory criteria or on a scoring system with points for each criterion that matches the features of the disease (Porta 2008, 32).Target population—The collection of individuals, items, measurements, etc., about which inferences are desired. The term is sometimes used to indicate the population or group from which a sample or study population is drawn and sometimes to denote a reference population of interest (Porta 2008, 243).Sentinel surveillance—Surveillance based on selected population samples chosen to represent the relevant experience of particular groups. In sentinel surveillance, standard case definitions and protocols must be used to ensure validity of comparisons across time and sites despite lack of statistically valid sampling (Porta 2008, 228).Record linkages—A method for bringing together the information contained in two or more records—e.g., in different sets of medical charts and in vital records such as birth and death certificates—and a procedure to ensure that each individual is identified and counted only once. Record linkages make it possible to relate significant health events that are remote from one another in time and place or to bring together records of different individuals (Porta 2008, 209).
The lavatory lens: Tracking the global movement of pathogens via aircraft wastewater
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Aaron Bivins, Robert Morfino, Andrew Franklin, Stuart Simpson, Warish Ahmed
To better inform control measures, a number of mathematical network models have been developed to study the spread of epidemic disease by integrating air travel network and infectious disease modeling (Brockmann & Helbing, 2013). These models are useful to predict the global spread of infectious diseases as a function of their epidemiological features and test various intervention strategies such as passenger screening (Christaki, 2015). Stochastic network models built using International Air Transport Association (IATA) traffic data indicate that disease is spread via specific high-volume routes with certain connections between nodes playing a dominant role (Colizza et al., 2006b, 2006a, 2007). Modeling analysis of pandemic influenza H1N1 found that the world’s top 50 airports (by total number of passengers transited) greatly accelerated global spread and suggested that control strategies should be prioritized at these airports (Hsu & Shih, 2010). An analysis of the European air travel network found that the critical nodes for disease transmission were characterized by high centrality within the network and co-location with densely populated areas (Nikolaou & Dimitriou, 2020). These results suggest that a resource-efficient and non-intrusive sentinel surveillance system deployed at specific air travel nodes could be a sustainable approach for tracking the global circulation of infectious diseases. Herein, we consider the potential of aircraft lavatory wastewater from long-haul flights (duration >6 h, Fig. 1) as a strategic opportunity to survey the global circulation of human pathogens to inform additional layers of well-established public health risk mitigation activity.