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Auditory Alarms in Intensive Care
Published in Neville A. Stanton, Judy Edworthy, Human Factors in Auditory Warnings, 2019
Many intensive care patients are heavily sedated, may be effectively paralysed with muscle relaxant drugs, or may be already comatosed because of drug overdose, trauma or severe illness. These patients have no way of controlling their environment or directly communicating their needs, but are still passive receivers of ‘a massive array of sensory stimuli’ in an ‘atmosphere … not unlike that of the tension-charged war bunker’ (Hay and Oken, 1972). The patients’ hearing may remain intact in these conditions, or is perhaps heightened; yet tolerance of noise is lowered in sickness (Turner et al., 1975). Noise is a considerable factor in the ’sensory overload’ that can have highly stressful physiological and psychological consequences, such as sympathetic nervous stimulation, sleep deprivation, changes in affect, cognitive impairment, and even ‘critical care psychiatric syndrome’ (Noble, 1979). It is believed that critically ill patients develop a certain egocentricity, tending to interpret all stimuli as directly relevant to themselves (Smith, 1990). ICU beds are often arranged in relatively close proximity, so that it is difficult to tell the source of many sounds, especially auditory alarms. Therefore the individual ICU patient hears warnings from different beds, but may think that they pertain to him or her only.
The effects of sensory interaction and sensory conflict on consumer online review rating behavior
Published in International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 2023
However, the awareness and utilization of sensory synergy are still inadequate for practitioners. Marketing often requires the joint use of multiple senses, especially in resource-rich tourism and hospitality. But current marketers tend to think more is better. Thus, products and environments are given as much sensory information as possible. In some cases, it does work. But not always. Too much sensory information may lead to sensory overload and even have a negative impact on consumers. For example, presenting any two matching stimuli – music, smell, and color – has a positive effect on consumer behavior, but presenting all three has a negative effect (Imschloß, Homburg, & Kühnl, 2012). Meanwhile, the cost of marketing increases if more sensory information is provided. If marketers want to achieve better marketing effects at a certain cost, they must make full use of the sensory synergy. So, it’s necessary to identify the effect of sensory synergy on consumer behavior.