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Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Published in Emeric Arus, Biomechanics of Human Motion, 2017
Action: Contraction of the scalene muscles on one side will incline the vertebral column on the same side. Contraction of the scalene muscles on both sides of the neck will increase the rigidity of the vertebral column. Scalene muscles help during inspiration and also intervene at the flexion process of the vertebral column.
Sensitivity of Apple Watch fall detection feature among wheelchair users
Published in Assistive Technology, 2022
Libak Abou, Alexander Fliflet, Lina Hawari, Peter Presti, Jacob J. Sosnoff, Harshal P. Mahajan, Mikaela L. Frechette, Laura A. Rice
Qualified individuals were invited to the laboratory and were informed of the potential injury risks associated with the study. After being provided with the opportunity to ask questions, interested individuals signed an informed consent form. To ensure participants met eligibility criteria before taking part in the falling procedures, they completed the following steps. First, participants had their height and weight quantified to calculate their BMI. Next, participants completed the 5TSTS Test (Makizako et al., 2017). The 5TSTS Test is a lower limb functioning test used in this study to ensure participants could get up after falling. Finally, participants were asked questions to assure they were not at a high risk of sustaining a fracture. Next, to mitigate the risk of injury, a trained research assistant led participants through a whole-body stretch consisting of general head and neck stretches as well as stretching of the upper and lower limbs for 10–15 minutes. The neck muscles targeted during the stretching included scalene muscles, sternocleidomastoid, and platysma. The upper and lower limb muscles targeted during the stretching included the deltoid, biceps, coracobrachialis, and the quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, respectively. After stretching, participants were equipped with knee pads, elbow pads, wrist guards, a lightweight foam martial arts helmet, and a neck brace. Each participant wore an Apple Watch Series 5, with the operating system watchOS 6 (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA) in wheelchair mode, on their dominant wrist with the fall detection software turned on. In addition, a research grade accelerometer (GENEActiv, Activinsights Ltd., Cambridgeshire, UK) was taped to the participant’s wrist above the Apple Watch. The GENEActiv is a tri-axial accelerometer with the following specifications: range: ± 16 g and resolution: 12 bits (7.8 mg). The GENEActiv is valid to measure activity among healthy adults (Pavey et al., 2016).