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Designing for Upper Torso and Arm Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
The mechanical stresses on the sacral and coccygeal spinal elements are different from those in the thoracic and lumbar spine. The differences in stress lead to marked form variations of these lower vertebrae, compared to the relatively consistent forms of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Below L5 there is little to no vertebral motion. The five sacral vertebrae are fused into a shield-shaped structure, the sacrum (Figure 4.8). Remnants of the S1 vertebral body and sacral vertebral spinous processes can be seen within the sacrum (Figure 4.7). The sacroiliac joint, between the lateral aspects of the sacrum and the iliac bones of the pelvis, joins the axial and appendicular skeletons in the pelvis. The tailbone or coccyx varies from one person to another with three to five coccygeal vertebrae. These very small vertebrae may or may not be fused together. The coccyx, fused or not, curls toward the front of the body from the tip of the sacrum. Injuries to the coccyx can be painful. Protective gear, such as football tailbone pads, have been designed to protect this vulnerable area of the spine (Figure 4.8).
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
Ankylosing spondylitis is predicted to affect nearly 1.5% of the U.S. Caucasian population, though a smaller percentage of those are formally recognized and diagnosed. Diagnostic features include onset typically under age 40 years and early morning low back stiffness that has persisted for longer than 3 months, which is predictably relieved with exercise. Examination reveals decreased spinal motion in all directions, although extension and lateral bending are most affected, with decreased chest wall motion evidence in advanced disease. Radiographs give evidence of sacroiliac joint erosions and sclerosis. Figure 2 shows a diagnostic approach to ankylosing spondylitis based on the Modified New York Criteria [4-6]. Up to 90% of patients with
Anatomy, Biomechanics, Work Physiology, and Anthropometry
Published in Stephan Konz, Steven Johnson, Work Design, 2018
Figure 2.1 shows the spine. The spine is divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum regions. The sacrum is linked to the ilium (top part of the pelvis) with a joint on each side—the sacroiliac joints. The low back, Lumbar 4 and Lumbar 5 (abbreviated L4 and L5) is the problem area. Note how these discs angle downward instead of being horizontal. The weight of the torso therefore tends to push these discs forward. The disc pressure is 50–100% higher when sitting than standing, especially when sitting with a slumped back. Reduce that pressure by using chairs with armrests (the armrests support some of the torso weight).
Six Month Interim Outcomes from SECURE: A Single arm, Multicenter, Prospective, Clinical Study on a Novel Minimally Invasive Posterior Sacroiliac Fusion Device
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Aaron K. Calodney, Nomen Azeem, Patrick Buchanan, Ioannis Skaribas, Ajay Antony, Christopher Kim, George Girardi, Chau Vu, Christopher Bovinet, Rainer S. Vogel, Sean Li, Naveep Jassal, Youssef Josephson, Timothy R. Lubenow, Nicholas Girardi, Jason E. Pope
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a condition affecting the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) resulting in non-radicular low back and buttock pain. Patients with this condition often report referred pain in the posterior thigh, knee, or foot with the posterior thigh constituting up to 50% of patient reported referral patterns [1]. It can be due to primary joint disease from trauma or secondary to rheumatologic, infectious, drug-related, or oncologic diseases [2]. It has a become an increasingly recognized cause of low back pain, affecting 15–30% of people with chronic, non-radicular pain [3].