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AI and Immunology Considerations in Pandemics and SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
Reported illnesses with the novel coronavirus have ranged from mild symptoms to severe illness and death for confirmed COVID-19 cases. The symptoms may appear 2–14 days after exposure (based on the incubation period of SARS-CoV viruses). Symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Elderly and immune compromised patients are at greater risk for contracting the virus and for poor outcomes. However, significant numbers of young and healthy people are also being reported, though generally with better outcomes. Spread occurs through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.
Animal Connection Challenges
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1)381 is a strain of virus that causes infection of the epithelial cells within the lungs. The virus enters the host cell by binding to the ACE2 receptor.382
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the workplace: Key findings from a rapid review of the literature
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2023
Jennie Cox, Brian Christensen, Nancy Burton, Kevin H. Dunn, Mikaela Finnegan, Ana Ruess, Cherie Estill
When the first COVID-19 cases were identified in the U.S., the primary route of exposure was not well understood. Initial perceptions of the potential contributions of different modes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 were largely informed by research conducted on other respiratory infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-1, MERS, tuberculosis, and influenza. Based on previous research, it was well understood that humans continuously emit aerosols, and that, generally, larger particles, such as droplets, tend to travel shorter distances and settle faster than smaller particles (Wells 1934). It was also well known that some respiratory viruses could remain viable in aerosols and surfaces for long periods of time (Boone and Gerba 2007; Tellier et al. 2019). SARS-CoV-1 was considered to be mainly transmitted by a close person-to-person contact through droplets or by contacting contaminated surfaces (Olsen et al. 2003; Otter et al. 2016). This knowledge suggested to researchers and public health practitioners that SARS-CoV-2 would spread through two primary pathways: 1) viral-laden droplets and 2) hand-to-mucus membrane transport of viral particles following direct or indirect contact with a contaminated surface. Moreover, these perceptions influenced what mitigation strategies were prescribed globally, including in the United States. The mitigation strategies during the early stages of the pandemic primarily focused on 1) physical distancing and masking (or source control) to reduce potential exposures to droplets (Eames et al. 2012; Hens et al. 2009; MacIntyre et al. 2016) and 2) cleaning and disinfecting surfaces to address the potential for contact-mediated exposures. Early recommendations to the public included 1) taking steps to protect yourself by cleaning hands often and avoiding close contact, and 2) taking steps to protect others by staying home if sick, covering coughs and sneezes, wearing a facemask in public if sick, and cleaning and disinfecting surfaces.