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Genomic analysis for functional roles of thioredoxin reductases and their expressions in osteoarthritis
Published in Gary Bañuelos, Zhi-Qing Lin, Dongli Liang, Xue-bin Yin, Selenium Research for Environment and Human Health: Perspectives, Technologies and Advancements, 2019
However, a genomic analysis about TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and TXNRD3 is necessary to conduct to help understand the function roles of TrxRs comprehensively. In this study, results from GO enrichment analysis showed that TXNRD1, TXNRD2, and TXNRD3 mainly exert biological functions such as antioxidant activity, cell homeostasis, cell oxidant detoxification, and coenzyme binding, and are mainly involved in selenocompound metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, NOD-like receptor signaling pathways, etc. These results are similar to those from previous studies. In the PPI network of TrxRs, TXNRD1 was the core protein, followed by TXNRD2 and TXN, which showed that TXNRD1 and TXNRD2 were key members in their family. TXN acts as a homodimer and is involved in many redox reactions. The encoded protein is active in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteines in certain proteins, which is part of the response to intracellular nitric oxide (Zhang et al. 2019, Kamal et al. 2016).
Nitric Oxide-Induced Tolerance in Plants under Adverse Environmental Conditions
Published in Hasanuzzaman Mirza, Nahar Kamrun, Fujita Masayuki, Oku Hirosuke, Tofazzal M. Islam, Approaches for Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants, 2019
Neidiquele M. Silveira, Amedea B. Seabra, Eduardo C. Machado, John T. Hancock, Rafael V. Ribeiro
S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) belong to an important group of NO• donors, and the most frequently used RSNOs in plants are S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). Nonreductive decomposition of RSNOs leads to the formation of disulfides and release of NO•, which are dependent on light, temperature, the presence of metal ions (Cu2+), and pH (Hou et al., 1999). In addition, oxidized forms of endogenous NO• (such as N2O3) may react with the thiol group (SH) of cysteine residues (Cys) present in proteins, forming an S-nitrosothiol (SNO), a reaction called S-nitrosation or S-nitrosylation (Lindermayr et al., 2005; Aracena-Parks et al., 2006). Thus, RSNOs, such as GSNO, are the natural reservoir of NO• in biological systems, releasing free NO• during its degradation. The GSNO is an S-nitrosated derivative of the most abundant cellular thiol, the glutathione (GSH), which intracellular concentrations may be greater than 10 mM (Hancock and Whiteman, 2018). GSNO itself is not directly absorbed into cells; however, GSNO treatment does cause increases in cellular S-nitrosothiol levels under many conditions. It was hypothesized that GSNO decomposes in the extracellular space to release NO•, which is then able to diffuse across the cell membrane to S-nitrosate protein targets (Broniowska et al., 2013).
Cadmium stress in plants: A critical review of the effects, mechanisms, and tolerance strategies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Taoufik El Rasafi, Abdallah Oukarroum, Abdelmajid Haddioui, Hocheol Song, Eilhann E. Kwon, Nanthi Bolan, Filip M. G. Tack, Abin Sebastian, M. N. V. Prasad, Jörg Rinklebe
The effect of Cd mitigation on plants involves other mechanisms. It has been reported that the synthetized NO may bind with cysteine thiol and lead to its S-nitrosylation (Astier et al., 2012; Chmielowska-Bąk et al., 2014; Yu et al., 2012). Protein S-nitrosylation has a major role in plant immune control, response, and adaptation to various abiotic stresses (Astier et al., 2012; París et al., 2013). It has been documented that S-nitrosylation can regulate different plant proteins (e.g., peroxiredoxin II E [PrxII E], nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 [NPR1], salicylic acid-binding protein 3 [SABP3], the transcription factor TGA1, and the NADPH oxidase AtRBOHD) responsible for signaling and regulating Cd stress (Astier et al., 2012; Chmielowska-Bąk et al., 2014; Rodriguez-Serrano et al., 2009; Spoel & Loake, 2011). Moreover, S-nitrosylation has been shown to modulate the antioxidant system (Wei et al., 2020) by activating various enzymes such as SOD, CAT, APX, and DHAR and help plants to program their cell death in presence of Cd (Nabi et al., 2019). Arasimowicz-Jelonek et al. (2012) demonstrated that NO induces cell death in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus) roots under exposure of Cd.
Interactive effect of silicon and nitric oxide effectively contracts copper toxicity in Salvia officinalis L.
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Pariya Pirooz, Rayhaneh Amooaghaie, Somayeh Bakhtiari
Rhizospheric application of Si markedly increased Si concentration in both shoots and roots of sage under Cu stress (Figure 3) that suggests the increment of uptake and translocation of Si is a stress-induced adaptive response in sage. Flora et al. (2019) also reported that Si supplementation increased Si content in the roots and leaves of Nicotiana tabacum under Cu stress. In this study, Si concentration in the roots was further than it was in shoots of Cu-exposed sage plants. This was consistent with the report of Pereira et al. (2018) due to Si accumulation in Cd-stressed cowpea. Interestingly, Si concentration in roots and shoots of plants treated with Si + SNP was more than it in plants exposed to Si alone (Figure 3). This result indirectly proposes that NO stimulated uptake and translocation of Si in plants. It is known that NO influences the function of many specific proteins/enzymes through tyrosine nitration or S-nitrosylation (Jain and Bhatla 2017). Therefore, it is also likely that SNP treatment increased NO in cells and NO signaling or NO nitrosylation enhanced the action of Si transporters and consequently increased Si uptake and accumulation in plants. On the other hand, Si treatment also increased NO concentration in Cu-stressed plants (Figure 3). It is likely that Si increases the generation of NO and NO feedback regulates Si uptake and translocation. However, the accuracy of these assumptions should be investigated in future research. In this study, Si + SNP treatment more than the separate application of Si and SNP improved Chl. content and RWC (Table 1), enhanced membrane integrity (Figure 1) and antioxidant enzymes (Figure 2), lowered Cu uptake and translocation (Table 2), and increased the content of essential cations in roots and shoots (Table 3). The close relationship between these responses with a higher level of NO in plants treated with Si + SNP (Figure 3) suggests that at least a part of silicon impacts on heavy metal stress might be mediated through NO signaling.