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Urinary system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Each kidney consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla containing the complex filtering system and minute blood vessels (Figs 7.2a,7.3a, b). Urine flows into a collecting system consisting of small cavities, called calyces, which drain into the renal pelvis and then into the bladder via the ureters. Surrounded by an envelope of peri-renal fascia known as Gerota’s fascia, the kidneys are located within the retroperitoneum and are situated in the lumbar region either side of the vertebral column, between the 12th thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. The precise position varies slightly according to the build of the subject. They are approximately 10 cm in length or roughly 3.7 times the height of the L2 body. The left usually slightly longer and narrower than the right. The right is normally positioned 1 cm lower in the abdomen. The lateral aspect of the kidney is rotated posteriorly. Both are oblique in position, with their upper poles nearest the vertebrae and the lower poles more anterior than the upper poles.
Imaging of the spine
Published in Sarah McWilliams, Practical Radiological Anatomy, 2011
o The anatomical level scanned can be established approx-imately by looking at the surrounding soft tissues, e.g. in the retroperitoneum, the psoas muscles, division of the aorta at L4 and formation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) at L5 or the renal veins at L2 enable the level to be established.
Injury patterns in motor vehicle collision-pediatric pedestrian deaths
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2022
Moheem M. Halari, Tanya Charyk Stewart, Kevin J. McClafferty, Allison C. Pellar, Michael J. Pickup, Michael J. Shkrum
For all the MVPC deaths, the following frequencies of overall injuries (AIS 1–AIS 6) and the most frequent injury based on AIS ≥ 3 for each body region were observed (Table A3):Craniocerebral injury: 24 (96%) deaths involved craniocerebral trauma with 10 (41.7%) AIS 6 maximal injuries. Most were brainstem lacerations (n = 8), and 7 (29.2%) AIS 5 critical injuries included brainstem contusions (n = 3).Neck injury: 16 (64%) fatalities with 9 (56.3%) upper cervical spine traumas [i.e., atlanto-occipital dislocations (n = 7), atlanto-occipital with atlanto-axial dislocation (n = 1), and atlanto-axial dislocation (n = 1)] as the most severe neck injury representing an AIS 3 serious injury.Thorax injury: 23 (92%) pediatric fatalities had a chest injury with 13 (56.5%) AIS 3 serious injuries, nearly all consisting of pulmonary trauma.Abdomen/retroperitoneum injury: 20 (80%) of pedestrians sustained abdominal trauma with 5 (25%) AIS 4 severe injuries of the liver, spleen, or kidney.Pelvic injury: 17 (68%) of victims had a pelvic trauma with 2 (11.8%) AIS 4 severe pelvic fractures.Lower extremity injury: 24 (96%) pedestrians sustained an injury to their lower extremity with 2 (8.3%) AIS 3, or serious, femur fractures.