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Detection of Eye Diseases using Image Processing and Artificial Neural Networks
Published in Durgesh Kumar Mishra, Nilanjan Dey, Bharat Singh Deora, Amit Joshi, ICT for Competitive Strategies, 2020
K. Sujatha, V. Srividhya, V. Karthikeyan, L. Madheshwaran, N. P. G. Bhavani
Diabetic retinopathy in Figure 3.2(a), results due to insulin disorders causing diabetes. The blood vessels in the light sensitive region retina are affected. It is because of insufficient supply of oxygen leading to blindness. If this eye disorder is diagnosed at early stage proper treatment can be given preventing blindness. The two major categories are proliferative and non- proliferative retinopathy. Non-proliferative retinopathy is less severe and causes hemorrhage in the retina. This produces a leak in blood serum making the retina wet which leads to diminished vision. The severe type is Proliferative retinopathy which produces new fragile blood vessels on the retina. These vessels frequently bleed into the vitreous, the clear jelly in the center of the eyes causing visual problems. It is treated by laser surgery which will reduce the progression of diabetic retinopathy and at times will reverse visual loss causing permanent damage. If Diabetic retinopathy is identified at early stages a better control of blood sugar can be maintained by ensuring lifestyle modification, including abrupt weight loss, dietary changes and simple exercises [3, 6].
Biomimetic Microsystems for Blood and Lymphatic Vascular Research
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Here, so far, we have only discussed a few of the physiological and pathological conditions where angiogenesis contributes. We encourage the readers to inquire a more detailed list of angiogenesis-related diseases elsewhere (Carmeliet 2003). For example, bone fracture fails to heal when angiogenesis inhibitors are used. Serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis can lead to vasculitis where the blood vessels are inflamed and sometimes become narrow to prevent adequate blood flow. In the eye, diabetic retinopathy is a complication in diabetic patients. Blood vessels are also inflamed in diabetic retinopathy and can leak fluid into the eye. At the advanced stage, angiogenesis occurs to cause excessive outgrowth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye. If not properly treated, diabetic retinopathy can lead to permanent vision loss (Carmeliet 2003).
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Published in P. Dakin John, G. W. Brown Robert, Handbook of Optoelectronics, 2017
Constantinos Pitris, Tuan Vo-Dinh, R. Eugene Goodson, Susie E. Goodson
Laser-induced photocoagulation or ablation can be used to alter the tissue shape for surgical or other therapeutic purposes. It is based on the absorption of high-intensity pulses by the targeted tissues causing either protein denaturation or complete evaporation without carbonizing or bleeding. The precise control of the wavelength as well as temporal and power parameters of laser therapeutic techniques can restrict the interaction to specific target areas of tissue. Laser therapy is the current standard of care for the treatment of some retinal diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, and some types of subretinal neovascularization [72]. Vision correction using photorefractive keratectomy or laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis is also based on this effect [73]. In dermatology, careful control of laser parameters permits selective destruction of specific loci in the skin, for example, in tattoo removal, treatment of port-wine stains, and various cosmetic applications (Figure 26.6) [74].
Automated microaneurysms detection in retinal images using SSA optimised U-NET and Bayesian optimised CNN
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Worldwide, diabetic retinopathy is considered the primary cause of vision loss. In the early stages of this condition, several anomalies in the fundus images, such as microaneurysms, dot haemorrhages, indications of vascular hyper-permeability, secretions, and capillary closures, can impact the retinal microvasculature (García et al. 2017). The complexity of microaneurysms primarily increases the likelihood of requiring laser photocoagulation (Kar and Maity 2018). Lesions caused by diabetic retinopathy are typically reversible, and the disease progresses slowly in the early stages (Serrano et al. 2018). Identifying patients with pre-condition lesions, primarily microaneurysms, and small blood cells, through recurrent examinations would open up new opportunities for treating retinopathy. Common symptoms of diabetic retinopathy include floating, blurred vision, sudden loss of vision, and flashes (Islam et al. 2017).
Feature Selection for Simple Color Histogram Filter based on Retinal Fundus Images for Diabetic Retinopathy Recognition
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
T. Vijayan, M. Sangeetha, A. Kumaravel, B. Karthik
Diabetic Retinopathy is best diagnosed with a comprehensive dilated eye exam and fundus photography. Fluorescein angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are also performed for better decision making especially for Diabetic maculopathy and proliferative retinopathy. Decisions taken by a comprehensive dilated eye exam and fundus photography are subjective and the sensitivity and specificity are varying from one another. The practice of e-maintenance of health data and the evolution of artificial intelligence and deep learning algorithms [12–15] are supporting physicians to improve the decision making in this context. In recent years, the research community has developed different techniques and applied several deep learning frameworks to address this problem. The input images for learning models are fundus images with labels indicating the presence or the level of severity of Diabetic Retinopathy identified by professional graders. We apply supervised learning models like decision trees and k-nearest neighborhood for this purpose.
Automated system for detection and classification of cystoid macular oedema using OCT images
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Priyanka Kaushik, S. R. Nirmala
Retinopathy is defined as any harm to the retina of the eye, which may cause vision hindrance. This may lead to irreversible visual impairment in various cases; however, early diagnosis of retinal disorder may help the patients from disease progression. There are various imaging methods to detect retinal disorders which include fundoscopic examination, fluorescent angiography, indocyanine angiography and some specialised imaging examination such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). The common retinal disorders are diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and macular oedema (ME), which may lead to loss of vision if not detected and treated in the early stage.