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Legal Concepts, Drowning, and Lifeguard Effectiveness
Published in John R. Fletemeyer, Ivonne Schmid, Principles and Practices of Aquatic Law, 2018
Usually after swallowing copious amounts of the water (but not always!), the drowning process accelerates as the victim’s blood chemistry begins to drastically change. This is called acidosis. Although times vary, it usually takes from one to two minutes before the victim becomes unconscious. Breathing stops while the heart usually continues to beat. Before stopping, the heart begins to fibrillate. Typically this lasts between two to six minutes and permits the opportunity for the victim to be resuscitated providing that CPR and defibrillation with an AED begin quickly. CPR usually only sustains life by keeping the tissues oxygenated. In the majority of cases, resuscitation is successful in four minutes or less and in some cases can be successful several minutes thereafter. Once breathing and the heart stops, the patient suffers clinical death. Clinical death progresses to biological death at the onset of the deterioration of cellular functions and when there is no longer brain activity. Note that there is debate among experts in regard to “dry drowning.” If it does in fact occur, it is exceedingly rare.
Mine Rescue
Published in Debi Prasad Tripathy, Mine Safety Science and Engineering, 2019
Resuscitation is the set of procedures applied for correcting physiological disorders such as shortage of heartbeat or breathing in an unwell person. The well-known examples of resuscitation are cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. In an unwell person, resuscitation needs to be performed before the arrival of the emergency ambulance to improve the chances of survival.
Lightning Injuries
Published in Leslie A. Geddes, Handbook of Electrical Hazards and Accidents, 1995
With moderate injury the subject has lost consciousness or is confused, often with paralysis that may last for hours after regaining consciousness. There may be first or second-degree burns and respiratory arrest, which can cause brain damage if cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not applied promptly. Tympanic membrane damage, difficulty with fine motor movements and sleep disorders are common.
The effects of pretraining intervention in immersive embodied virtual reality cardiopulmonary resuscitation training
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2021
Qian Liu, Qingyang Tang, Yanyun Wang
According to data released by the China Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Weekly in 2020, the bystander CPR implementation rate was only 4.5%, and the resuscitation success rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was less than 1% (Clinical frontline 2020). Early CPR and defibrillation are key steps in the resuscitation of patients experiencing cardiac arrest. Therefore, it is necessary to promote CPR first aid and develop CPR training in China. A recent survey showed that the Chinese public had a high degree of acceptance of CPR training, with 73.4% of interviewees expressing their willingness to learn CPR (Yan et al. 2020); however, the CPR training rate for Chinese students was only 27% (Chen et al. 2010). This lack of training is related to the shortage of professional training institutions and manpower, as well as the complicated procedures and high time requirements and costs associated with traditional CPR courses (Abella et al. 2008).
Simulating cardiac arrest events to evaluate novel emergency response systems
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2020
Greg Lancaster, Jeffrey Herrmann
Cardiac arrest occurs when the electrical activity of the heart fails to stimulate muscle contractions in an organized rhythm. Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia are arrhythmias which result in loss of circulation to the lungs, brain, and vital organs. Treating these arrhythmias requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which uses chest compressions to force the heart to circulate blood, and defibrillation, which is an electrical shock applied across the torso to reset the electrical rhythm of the heart.