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Optical and Structural Properties of Biological Tissues under Simulated Diabetes Mellitus Conditions
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Daria K. Tuchina, Alla B. Bucharskaya, Polina A. Dyachenko (Timoshina), Nataliya I. Dikht, Georgy S. Terentyuk, Valery V. Tuchin
Biochemical mechanisms of hyperglycemia in T2DM are discussed in Ref. [8]. These include insulin resistance in the muscle tissue and liver and impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells, whose resistance to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) contributes to progressive β-cell dysfunction. However, an increased level of glucagon and hypersensitivity of the liver to it contribute to excess production of glucose in the liver. Insulin resistance in adipocytes leads to accelerated lipolysis and an increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFAs), which exacerbates insulin resistance in the muscle tissue and liver and contributes to further β-cell dysfunction. Increased renal glucose reabsorption by sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) and increased urinary glucose excretion threshold also contribute to hyperglycemia. Resistance to appetite-suppressing effects of insulin, leptin, GLP1, amylin, and YY peptide, as well as low dopamine and high brain serotonin levels, contribute to weight gain, which exacerbates the resistance. In addition, vascular insulin resistance and concomitant inflammation are associated with the expression of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase, dipeptidyl peptidase 4, inhibitors of NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), receptor agonists, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and thiazolidinediones.
Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT2) inhibition: A potential target for treatment of type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Natural and Synthetic compounds
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Shubham Batra, Prabhjeet Kaur Bamrah, Manjusha Choudhary
A relative or complete shortage of insulin characterizes diabetes mellitus, a metabolic condition that is dangerous to human health. It also causes several difficulties in various organs. An attractive treatment method for hyperglycemia is to stop renal glucose reabsorption by blocking SGLT2. The new SGLT-2 selective inhibitor medication family promises an innovative therapeutic strategy for blood glucose management in type II diabetes mellitus. Additionally, this new class demonstrates other benefits like a decrease in blood pressure and body weight, reduce hospitalizations for heart failure, and delay in the course of renal disease which is particularly desirable in several linked conditions. SGLT2 inhibitors are considered most appropriate in overweight or obese T2DM patients but they may increase your risk of developing vaginal infections and diabetic ketoacidosis.