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How we sense objects and energy
Published in Karl H.E. Kroemer, Fitting the Human, 2017
Pain can range from barely felt to unbearable. The threshold for pain is highly variable, probably because pain is so difficult to separate from other sensory and emotional components. Under certain circumstances and to certain stimuli, one can even adapt to pain. Some people have experienced so-called second pain, which is a new and different pain wave following a primary pain after about two seconds. Referred pain indicates the displacement of the location of the pain, usually from its visceral origin to a more cutaneous location; an example is the appearance of cardiac anginal pain in the left arm.
The occurrence of flexion-relaxation phenomenon in elite cyclists during trunk forward bending
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2022
M Hashem boroojerdi, A Rahimi, MM Roostayi, S Talebian Moghaddam, M Yousefi, M Norouzi, A Akbarzadeh Baghban
This study was performed on 15 male elite cyclists, with no history of pain in the lumbar or thoracic region or referred pain in the gluteal or lower extremities over the past 6 months. The subjects were excluded if they had undergone any abdominal, spinal, or hip surgeries. Cyclists at the time of participation in the study had cycled professionally for at least 3 years as a sprinter or road cyclist, and all of them had been a member of the Iranian national cycling team for at least 1 season. In order to control for the effect of training courses, all data were collected in the resting season. All subjects signed a consent form, approved by the Human Subjects Committee of the School of Rehabilitation of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, after they were informed about the study procedures. Table 1 presents the characteristics of the participants.
Hamstring Muscle Stiffness Affects Lower Extremity Muscle Recruitment and Landing Forces during Double-Legs Vertical Jump
Published in Sports Biomechanics, 2023
Amornthep Jankaew, Yih-Kuen Jan, Ing-Shiou Hwang, Li-Chieh Kuo, Cheng-Feng Lin
A cross-sectional laboratory comparison design was used in the study. A single-session data collection was conducted at a motion analysis laboratory. Due to the response of hamstrings differing among sexes at the pre-landing stage by increasing activity in female athletes compared to their male counterparts (de Britto et al., 2014), a single sex was of our interest in the study. Thirty-four male college athletes were screened and enrolled into the study. Two categories of participants, involving a high-stiffness group and a low-stiffness group, were recruited based on the assessment of hamstring mechanical properties. The inclusion criteria of this study were experienced male athletes aged between 20 and 35 years with a normal body mass index (18.5–26.4 kg/m2) (Walsh et al., 2018). Athletes were defined in this study as individuals who were involved in more than 3 hours in sport trainings per day for at least 4 days per week without considering sport types. To minimise the influence of training on muscle properties, all the participants were requested to avoid exercises or training 48 hours before the experiment. The exclusion criteria were athletes with a history of hamstring injuries, reporting moderate-to-severe lower extremity injury in the past 6 months, or presenting other causes of posterior thigh pain, meaning the referred pain from other locations such as low back pain, disc herniation, and lumbar facet syndrome. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital. The approval number is A-ER-110-075. All participants were provided with testing procedures and written informed consent prior to participation.
RESNA position on the application of ultralight manual wheelchairs
Published in Assistive Technology, 2023
Lynn A. Worobey, Jennith Bernstein, Joseph Ott, Theresa Berner, Jaqueline Black, Mary Cabarle, Tina Roesler, Sage Scarborough, Kendra Betz
RSIs of the upper extremity can be present in the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. This dysfunction can include numbness, tingling, orthopedic pain, referred pain, muscle atrophy, and decreased functional range of motion (Sawatzky et al., 2015). Across a variety of different cohorts of MWC users, the incidence of shoulder pain reached as high as 78% of MWC users (Mashola et al., 2021). The shoulder is not specialized or designed for the repetitive activities required when a person propels a MWC (Moon et al., 2013). With a variety of upper extremity activities, the shoulder is required to both mobilize and stabilize at the same time, which can result in fatigue, muscular imbalance, impingement, pain, degeneration, and chronic conditions (Requejo, Mulroy, et al., 2015). Repetitive actions of scaption (scapular elevation occurring as the arm is flexed and abducted) contribute to RSI at the shoulder (Patel et al., 2018). Clinical symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome are reported in up to 65% of MWC users with an even greater number (75%) demonstrating diagnostic evidence of the syndrome (Asheghan et al., 2016). RSI is not limited to the upper extremity, the lower extremities are also under excessive strain during unilateral (hemi) propulsion or bilateral lower extremity propulsion (Charbonneau et al., 2013). Specifically, calf and hamstring cramping was reported during single-foot propulsion by able-bodied participants (Heinrichs et al., 2020a). RSI can also develop secondary to activities that do not occur in the wheelchair, such as during transfers or loading the MWC into/out of a vehicle. Addressing RSI requires a comprehensive approach that includes wheelchair selection and configuration, client education, and possible functional retraining.