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Associations between Genetic Polymorphisms and Heart Rate Variability
Published in Herbert F. Jelinek, David J. Cornforth, Ahsan H. Khandoker, ECG Time Series Variability Analysis, 2017
Anne Voigt, Jasha W. Trompf, Mikhail Tamayo, Ethan Ng, Yuling Zhou, Yaxin Lu, Slade Matthews, Brett D. Hambly, Herbert F. Jelinek
Differences in the genetic sequence between individuals, or genetic polymorphisms, make up the foundation of diversity in biological organisms. Genetic polymorphisms require at least two variants in the population of a species, of which the least common one cannot be explained by recurrent mutations (Ford 1965). These polymorphisms have been studied using mostly restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and microsatellite markers. RFLP is based on the use of restriction enzymes, which cut the DNA sequence at a known position in order to compare the length of the sequence fragments between individuals (Botstein et al. 1980). RFLP was first used in 1983 for the mapping of the Huntington disease gene (Gusella et al. 1983). Micro- and mini-satellite markers (variable number of tandem repeats [VNTRs]) mark repetitive DNA sequences, which include repeated DNA motifs and have also been studied for gene mapping (Ellegren 2004).
The Genetic Resources as an Inexhaustible Source of Biodiversity in Tajikistan
Published in Hasnain Nangyal, Muhammad Saleem Khan, Environmental Pollution, Biodiversity, and Sustainable Development, 2020
N. Firuza, H. Nangyal, A. Nawaz, M. S. Khan
Main advantages of RFLP-analysis are its versatility and high reproducibility. However, the main advantage of RFLP-markers is the ability to determine the position of marked genes of agronomic traits at the molecular maps. Such localization of genes involves preliminary preparation of molecular maps for specific plant populations and is associated with the necessary application to map several hundred-RFLP probes, which requires a lot of labor and resources. This work is a preparatory stage for the cloning of genes and their subsequent transfer to other crops.
Agricultural biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Traditional plant-breeding techniques are very time-consuming and sometimes a lot of undesired genes are introduced into the genome of a plant. The undesired genes have to be “sorted out” by backcrossing. The use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) greatly facilitates conventional plant breeding, because one can progress through a breeding program much faster, with smaller populations, and without relying entirely on testing for the desired phenotype. RFLP makes use of restriction endonucleases and these enzymes recognize and cut specific nucleotide sequences in DNA. For example, the sequence GAATTC is cut by the endonuclease EcoRl. After treatment of a plant genome with endo-nucleases, the plant DNA is cut into pieces of different lengths, depending on the number of recognition sites on the DNA. These fragments can be separated according to their size by using gel electrophoresis and are made visible as bands on the gel by hybridizing the plant DNA fragments with radiolabeled or fluorescent DNA probes. As two genomes are not identical even within a given species, due to mutations, the number of restriction sites and therefore the length and numbers of DNA fragments differ, resulting in a different banding pattern on the electrophoresis gel. This variability has been termed RFLP. The closer two organisms are related, the more the pattern of bands overlap. If a restriction site lies close to or even within an important gene, the existence of a particular band correlates with the particular trait of a plant, such as disease resistance. By looking at the banding pattern, breeders can identify individuals that have inherited resistance genes, and resistant plants can be selected for further breeding. The use of this technique not only accelerates progress in plant breeding considerably but also facilitates the identification of resistance genes, thereby opening new possibilities in plant breeding.
Genetic variants within the COL5A1 gene are associated with ligament injuries in physically active populations from Australia, South Africa, and Japan
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Javier Alvarez-Romero, Mary-Jessica N. Laguette, Kirsten Seale, Macsue Jacques, Sarah Voisin, Danielle Hiam, Julian A. Feller, Oren Tirosh, Eri Miyamoto-Mikami, Hiroshi Kumagai, Naoki Kikuchi, Nobuhiro Kamiya, Noriyuki Fuku, Malcolm Collins, Alison V. September, Nir Eynon
Genomic DNA was extracted from 4.5 ml of venous blood using a rapid non-enzymatic ethanol precipitation as previously described by Lahiri and Nurnberger (Lahiri & Numberger, 1991) with slight modifications (Mokone, Schwellnus, Noakes, & Collins, 2006). The DNA samples were stored at −20°C until further analysis and freeze–thaw cycles were avoided. DNA concentration was measured at A260 and A280 and the DNA quality was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. Standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using a PCR Express Thermal Cycler (Hybaid Limited, Middlesex, UK). The rs12722 variant was genotyped by using the BSTUI restriction fragment length polymorphism and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as previously described (Mokone et al., 2006). The rs10628678 variant was genotyped using predesigned TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems, USA) on the Applied Biosystems StepOnePlus™ Real-Time PCR System and the genotypes were called using the Applied Biosystems StepOnePlus™ Real-Time PCR software v2.2.2. For quality control purposes, each 96-well PCR plate included repeat samples, positive controls (samples of a known genotype) and negative controls to ensure consistency in genotype calling which were also confirmed by two researchers in the laboratory. Genotype data from COL5A1 rs12722 C > T was incorporated from previous study with consent of authors.
Investigation of biogas for enhancing oil recovery with indigenous microorganism in high salinity oil field
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Jun Wang, Xiaopeng Cao, Zhigang Sun, Hongxin Zhang
However, the oil field is endowed with some characteristics such as high pressure and salinity; the actual condition of microbial can’t be fully reflected by traditional culture. In order to promote the development of MEOR quickly, more attentions are increased to the application of molecular analysis which can not only study the microbial community diversity to provide a novel and effective method for the study of viable but non-culture or uncultured microbes, but can analyze the predominant species and main functional bacteria for MEOR. Now, there have been some studies of microbial community with molecular analysis. DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method), TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) and T-RFLP (Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) were used to analyze the indigenous microorganism of injection plant in Shengli oil field, water injection well and an oil well in Dagang oil field, and the microbial community of transition zone in a Daqing petroleum reservoir, respectively (Cheng et al. 2005; She et al. 2005; Wu et al. 2009; Wang 2016).
Synergistic polymorphic interactions of phase II metabolizing genes and their association toward lung cancer susceptibility in North Indians
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Harleen Kaur Walia, Parul Sharma, Navneet Singh, Siddharth Sharma
The DNA was isolated from 3–4 ml of the blood using the phenol-chloroform extraction method with certain modifications as carried out by Bahl et al., (2017) The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique was used for genotyping each SNP. The genotyping for the NQO1 (Pro187Ser, 609C>T, rs1800566) gene variant was performed as previously detailed by.Mandal et al. (2012) In the SULT1A1 Arg213His (638 G>A, rs9282861) polymorphic site, the genotyping was carried out similarly as reported by.Arslan (2010) In genetic variants of the EPHX1 gene, namely Tyr113His (337T>C, rs1051740) and His139Arg (415A>G, rs2234922), the protocol described by Ghattas and Amer (2012) with slight modifications was followed to find out the genotype of the subjects. Further, for the genetic variants of the NAT2 gene, Leu161Leu (418C>T, rs1799929), Arg197Gln (590 G>A, rs1799930), Lys268Arg (803A>G, rs1208), Gly286Gln (857 G>A, rs1799931) polymorphic sites, the genotyping was carried out as previously described by Lotfi et al., (2018) with slight modifications.