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Review of the Human Brain and EEG Signals
Published in Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho, Introduction to Non-Invasive EEG-Based Brain–Computer Interfaces for Assistive Technologies, 2020
Alessandro Botti Benevides, Alan Silva da Paz Floriano, Mario Sarcinelli-Filho, Teodiano Freire Bastos-Filho
Pyramidal cells are excitatory and use a common neurotransmitter, the glutamate. They have a resultant electric field with bipolar configuration (Figure 1.15a) and are spatially aligned perpendicularly in the cortex (Figure 1.10). Thus, they are the main contributors to the formation of the electrical signals recorded as the EEG. Most of pyramidal cells have their axons directed to the thalamus and basal nuclei, so that the soma relatively positive is below the postsynaptic dendrites that are relatively negative and closer to the surface of the cortex. Figure 1.15b shows the bipolar configuration of the electric field of the pyramidal neurons in an active cortical region, in which the outer surface is negative and the inner region is positive. Figure 1.15c shows the equivalent dipole resulting from this region [10].
Computational Neuroscience and Compartmental Modeling
Published in Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel, Electrical Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders, 2019
Bahman Zohuri, Patrick J. McDaniel
Note that, Pyramidal neurons (pyramidal cells) are a type of multipolar neuron found in areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. Pyramidal neurons are the primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract. Pyramidal neurons are also one of two cell types where the characteristic sign, Negri bodies, are found in post-mortem rabies infection. Pyramidal neurons were first discovered and studied by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Since then, studies on pyramidal neurons have focused on topics ranging from neuroplasticity to cognition.
Neurons
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
A single axon emerges from the pyramidal base and branches quite extensively. Betz cells, a special type of pyramidal cells found in the primary motor cortex, have the largest cell bodies of neurons in humans, up to 100 µm wide, and a length of up to about 120 µm. Pyramidal cells are the basic computational unit of the cerebral cortex.
Neuroprotective effect of peanut against oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Norhan H. Mohamed, Hassan Elsayad, Yasser M. Elsherbini, Mohamed E. Abdraboh
The hippocampus of the control group and the peanut-supplemented group exhibited normal structure. It was composed of three main cell layers: polymorphic layer, pyramidal layer and molecular layer. The polymorphic layer consisted of neuronal processes (axons and dendrites), blood capillaries, glial cells, and scattered nerve cells. The pyramidal layer included pyramidal cells with triangular, pyramid-shaped cell bodies, nodded axons, multiple branched dendrites with spines and large vesicular nuclei. The molecular layer consisted of neuronal axons and dendrites (Figure 1b).