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Clinical Effects of Pollution
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Purpura fulminans in young children and adolescents is usually associated with meningococcemia (caused by Neisseria meningitidis), whereas in adults, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is most often implicated.475,476,508,514 Encapsulated bacteria (meningococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, or pneumococcus) are usually found when purpura fulminans occurs in a patient who has undergone splenectomy or who has functional asplenia.515 Numerous other bacteria, both gram-positive (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus species) and gram-negative (e.g., E. coli), have been implicated, as well as rickettsia,516 malaria,517 disseminated TBC,518 and viral infections (e.g., rubeola519 and varicella475). Infection with Capnocytophaga species associated with a dog bite or human saliva has a high risk of purpura fulminans.520 Of course, these patients are usually not screened for immune parameters such as T and B lymphocytes complement or gamma globulin subsets. The T and B might be treated with autogenous lymphocytic factor and the gamma globulin, which might dampen or stop the infection.
Extracting the elasticity of the human skin in microscale and in-vivo from atomic force microscopy experiments using viscoelastic models
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Sahba Iravanimanesh, Mohammad Ali Nazari, Fereshteh Jafarbeglou, Mohammad Mahjoob, Mojtaba Azadi
Skin elasticity is one of the significant features of a healthy skin and skin’s ability to get back to initial form after being pulled (Kalra and Lowe 2016). For instance, in a disease called psoriasis, skin loses its normal elasticity and resilience, and becomes bruised, and cracked. The patients often have to use bland ointments and descaling agents to restore the normal mechanical functions of the skin (Jemec 2001). Skin mechanics can be potentially help in detection of such diseases and also many other skin disorders such as scleroderma, morphea, radio dermatitis, elastolysis (Agache and Humbert 2004). Furthermore, knowing the skin mechanics can be very useful in many cosmetic applications. For example, in order to prevent ageing, it is important for cosmetic surgeons to maintain the skin elasticity by using a variety of and invasive methods (Vlasblom 1967). Moreover, different parameters which cause aging such as ultraviolet radiation can be analyzed using skin mechanics through the stress-strain relationship (Oba and Edwards 2006). In addition, knowledge of mechanical properties of skin is essential to replicate a biologically relevant artificial skin that would serve a wide range of applications. These applications include the development of artificial outer skin to substitute animal as well as clinical testing for evaluating drugs, cosmetics and other consumer products (Geerligs 2010). Artificial skins are also used in graft surgery in skin transplantation to treat extensive wounds, trauma, burns, or areas of extensive skin loss due to infection such as necrotizing fasciitis or purpura fulminans (Steven and Schulz 2018). Artificial skin that mimic the mechanical properties of natural skin are also useful for cancer patients whose cancerous skin are removed (Wikipedia 2018). Furthermore, a reliable estimate of skin mechanical properties can be used for biomedical devices to calibrate the elasticity of bio-sensors for measuring skin stretch induced motion artifacts (Kalra and Lowe 2016). The knowledge of mechanical properties of skin during different periods of a disease is necessary to better design robotic tele-surgery equipment as in laparoscopic surgery (Westebring et al. 2008). The skin modifier often serves as a reconstituting agent to restore the elastic and supple of skin in areas that different factors has altered its mechanical properties (Jemec 2001).