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Recent Trends in Evaluating the Mechanistic Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease and Its Diagnosis with Smart Devices
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
Poojith Nuthalapati, Preeti Yendapalli, Malini Kumar, Ashna Joy, Chiranjeevi Sainatham
Facial features may be visualized with the use of cameras. When reading, saccades can be used to estimate pupillary movement, deformation, and twitching in the facial muscles. The pupillary reflex and eye movements have been studied in neurological disease research for decades. It was discovered that AD patients had considerably reduced pupil constriction velocity and acceleration in an active test established earlier, in which the light flashes while the subject's eyes are recorded using a high-speed camera. Camera sensors might aid in the collection of these passive data from patients. Longitudinal blink rate variations may be detected by the face camera when interacting in front of a tablet or phone screen and can be used in the digital biomarker arsenal for early disease diagnosis.
Introduction
Published in Agnieszka Wolska, Dariusz Sawicki, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe, Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light, 2020
Agnieszka Wolska, Dariusz Sawicki, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
Although for a long time it has been widely known that sunlight is one of the most important regulators of human physiological functions related to circadian rhythm, in-depth research into the biological mechanism of the non-visual effect of light began in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with the discovery of a new photoreceptor on the retina called the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC). A rapid development of research related to the human non-visual response to light was launched. It has been proved that light has the ability to change circadian rhythms, i.e. to change the time periods in circadian cycles, which may result in shifting the phases of physiological cycles. Light also affects a number of physiological reactions, such as the regulation of hormone secretion (e.g. it can inhibit the pineal hormone responsible for melatonin secretion at night), affects the level of body temperature, induces the pupillary reflex, raises subjective alertness, and, under certain conditions, changes the bioelectrical brain activity indicating sleepiness or alertness. That is why the non-visual effects of light are so important for human functioning.
Vision
Published in Alfred T. Lee, Vehicle Simulation, 2017
The photoreceptor signals from the retina are transmitted through the optic nerve, optic tract, optic chiasma, and then on to higher brain levels. For control of eye movements and pupillary reflex control, signals are sent to the midbrain. Transmissions important for visual perception, however, are transmitted to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. For much of perception, including vision, the thalamus plays an important role as a kind of sensory control station, integrator, and processor. Most of the information that is vital to visual perception as well as to the basic control of eye functions are located in this part of the brain.
Measuring mental workload: ocular astigmatism aberration as a novel objective index
Published in Ergonomics, 2018
Raimundo Jiménez, David Cárdenas, Rosario González-Anera, José R. Jiménez, Jesús Vera
The study was approved by the University of Granada (Spain) Institutional Review Board (IRB: 112/CEIH/2016) and the research followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. 14 participants were enrolled in this study, and they were screened according to the following inclusion criteria: (a) presenting static monocular visual acuity ≤0 log MAR (minimum angle of resolution) in both eyes with their best optical correction, (b) belonging to asymptomatic group at Conlon (Conlon et al. 1999) and CISS (Borsting, Chase, and Ridder 2007) surveys and not presenting any accommodative and binocular dysfunction, (c) presenting normal pupillary reflex to light and no anisocoria (d) not taking any medication (except contraceptives), (e) baseline intraocular pressure ≤21 mm Hg (f) being healthy (not suffering any current illness or mental disorder) and (e) scoring ≤3 on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), which measures subjective levels of arousal and fatigue, before each of the two main experimental sessions (Hoddes, Zarcone, and Dement 1972).