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Gene Therapy for Retina and Eye Diseases
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
A phase I safety and efficacy trial established gene therapy as a safe option in juvenile patients suffering from LCA. The dose-escalation trial enrolled 12 patients wherein the RPE65 gene was administered subretinally via an adenoviral vector and the treated eyes were compared to untreated eyes. The treatment improved vision in the dim light—sensitivity to light increased three times. Pupillary light reflex improved to an extent that an afferent pupillary defect was observed. As compared with baseline, visual field testing was improved, and it covered the subretinal injection anatomic area. The patients could efficiently cross an obstacle trail with subdued lighting using the treated eye as compared with using the untreated eye. A phase III placebo-controlled trial with 16 patients is currently being conducted (7).
The Biological Basis of Non-Image-Forming Vision
Published in Agnieszka Wolska, Dariusz Sawicki, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe, Visual and Non-Visual Effects of Light, 2020
Agnieszka Wolska, Dariusz Sawicki, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
In mammals, ipRGCs modulate a multiplicity of behaviors: circadian photoentrainment, pupillary light reflex, activity masking, sleep/arousal and neuroendocrine systems, anxiety, and light aversion (Figure 3.2).
Toxicity and human health assessment of an alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) synthetic kerosene
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
David R. Mattie, Brian A. Wong, Karen L. Mumy, Shawn M. McInturf, Michael D. Grimm, Nathan, M. Gargas, Linda M. Shafer, Richard C. Striebich, Teresa R. Sterner
A FOB which evaluates signs of toxicity to the nervous system that may result in gross behavioral changes and functional deficits was performed in the 14th week. Testing began approximately 30 min after the end of exposures on Thursday and Friday. The first observations were made after the rat was returned to its home cage; assessments included posture, tremors and spasms, and palpebral closure. The second set required the removal of the rat from the cage and subsequent holding to assess rat reactivity to handling, muscle tone, lacrimation, salivation, fur appearance including facial crust, breathing pattern, and any other clinically abnormal signs presented. Third, open field observations included arousal and general activity level, gait, body position, vocalization, tremor, spasm, unusual behaviors, and urination and defecation counts. Finally, minimally manipulative tests were performed, including approach response, acoustic response, tail pinch response, visual placement, surface righting, hind leg splay, grip strength, and pupillary light reflex.
A numerical scheme to solve boundary value problems involving singular perturbation
Published in European Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2018
Şuayip Yüzbaşı, Murat Karaçayır
Here, and are known real-valued functions, is a known positive perturbation parameter, while and are real boundary values. Problems of type (1) are encountered in numerous applications. For instance, it was used to model the motion of fluids (Prandtl, 1904) with small viscosity and human pupillary light reflex (Longtin & Milton, 1988). Solving singularly perturbed equations of this type also plays an important role in variational problems in control theory (Mohapatra & Natesan, 2011).
A computational model of pupil dilation
Published in Connection Science, 2018
Birger Johansson, Christian Balkenius
In cats, it has been found that the cerebellum (CB) receives input from EWpg (Hultborn, Mori, & Tsukahara, 1978; Røste & Dietrichs, 1988; Sugimoto, Itoh, & Mizuno, 1978) as well as projecting back (Cohen, Chambers, & Sprague, 1958; Hultborn, Mori, & Tsukahara, 1978). Lesions of parts of CB in cats influence the pupillary light reflex by reducing its frequency response (Ijichi, Kiyohara, Hosoba, & Tsukahara, 1977). Furthermore, electrical stimulation of the cerebellar nuclei produce pupillary dilation (Hultborn et al., 1978).