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Psychrophilic Enzymes Adaptations and Industrial Relevance
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Shivika Sharma, Vikas Sharma, Subhankar Chatterjee, Sachin Kumar
Psychrophiles are a class of extremophilic microorganisms thriving at sub-zero temperatures and have different adaptations in their lifecycle which includes production of cold shock proteins and psychrophilic enzymes. These psychrophilic enzymes have various modifications which include high specific activity at lower temperature conditions and have reduced activation energy barrier of the transition state. Also, these psychrophilic enzymes are useful due to increased selectivity and higher catalytic activity rate at lower and ambient temperatures; due to their good structural lability, these cold adapted enzymes can be utilized in multistep reaction procedures which extensively require frequent and rapid inactivation actions. These psychrozymes are extensively used in different biotechnological based applications which particularly demands higher activity rates at mild temperatures and also quick heat-inactivation rate. Cold-adapted enzymes can be exposed to extreme conditions of temperature, pH and pressure as compared to mesophilic counterparts and are thus used to meet the lower energy demands and costs. Moreover, the conformational plasticity of psychrophilic enzymes is exploited in various organic synthesis functions and specifically utilized in the production of fine pharmaceutical intermediates. Current advances in technology comprising of metagenomics and genetic engineering techniques have enhanced the applicability of psychrophilic enzymes in different biotechnological industrial practices.
Algae from Extremophilic Conditions and Their Potential Applications
Published in Shashi Kant Bhatia, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Ashiwin Vadiveloo, Tasneema Ishika, David Chuka-Ogwude, Mohammadjavad Raeisossadati, Ângelo P. Matos
Psychrophiles are also able to survive the mechanical and osmotic stress of freezing and thawing by regulating the fluidity of their cellular membranes at low temperatures. This is achieved through the regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) building blocks as part of their membrane lipid bilayer, enhancing their demand as a sustainable source of PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5ω3), arachidonic acid (C20:4ω6), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:5ω3) (Varshney et al., 2015). Microalgae adapted to very cold environments are also able to survive in a dormant state for prolonged periods, frozen until the next period of warmer temperatures and thawing. Their ability to recover from long periods of frozen dormancy has been suggested to be based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the prevailing environment during the dormant period (Vincent et al., 2007).
Cold Adapted Microorganisms
Published in Ajar Nath Yadav, Ali Asghar Rastegari, Neelam Yadav, Microbiomes of Extreme Environments, 2021
Deep Chandra Suyal, Ravindra Soni, Ajar Nath Yadav, Reeta Goel
Psychrophiles are microorganisms that showed temperature optima in the range of 15°C or lower. They are considered as true extremophiles as they exert not only cold stress, but also other environmental constraints, viz. high pressure at ocean depths, strong ultraviolet radiation at polar caps, etc.
Biotransformation of chemically dispersed diesel at sub-zero temperatures using artificial brines
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Nga Phuong Dang, Chris Petrich, Megan O’Sadnick, Lisa Toske
Sea ice is a habitat for both psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, especially psychrophiles. Psychrophilic microorganisms possess cold-active enzymes which can be up to 10 times more active at low and moderate temperatures as compared to their mesophilic homologs, which allow them to survive under such low-temperature condition [1]. Microbial activities have been measured at the temperatures close to freezing point of water and in marine ice at a temperature lower than −10°C, indicating that slow hydrocarbon biodegradation occurs in oil-contaminated ice [2]. Very few studies, however, have focused on biodegradation of oil in sea ice and how sea-ice microorganisms respond to the presence of oil [3–8]. Gammaproteobacteria became the predominant phylotype in oil-contaminated sea ice from both Svalbard [3,4] and bottom sea ice from Canadian Arctic Archipelago [5] which included bacterial genera such as Marinobacter, Shewanelle, and Pseudomonas [3] and Colwellia, Marinomonas, and Glaciecola [4].
Isolation and characterization of a cold-active, alkaline, detergent stable α-amylase from a novel bacterium Bacillus subtilis N8
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Psychrophiles, in other words cold-adapted microorganisms, can survive in cold environments. While psychrophiles optimally grow below 15°C, the optimum growth temperature range for psychrotolerant microorganisms (or psychrotrops) is 20–25°C.[12,13]Bacillus species are the major microbial sources of the amylases that are active in cold conditions.[14,15] Cold-active enzymes from cold-adapted microorganisms have advantages like reducing energy consumption and wear and tear[8,12] and offering potential economic benefits.[7] The cold-active enzymes are especially being preferred in laundry and dish-washing detergents because of their eco-friendly characters and low-temperature washing properties.