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History of rehabilitation engineering
Published in Alex Mihailidis, Roger Smith, Rehabilitation Engineering, 2023
Gerald Weisman, Gerry Dickerson
Prostheses are devices used to primarily replace missing or non-functional body parts. The earliest known prosthesis is suspected to be an artificial toe made of wood and leather found on an Egyptian mummy (Figure 1.3). Found on a mummy of a 50–60-year-old woman in 2000 near the ancient city of Thebes, the prosthesis dates from 950–710 BC. While the Egyptians were known to replace certain body parts of corpses in order to make them viable in the afterlife, a biomechanical study by Finch et al. (2012) suggests the toe prosthesis was probably functional during the woman's life.
A Case Study of Additive Manufacturing in Prosthesis Development in Industry 4.0
Published in Ketan Kotecha, Satish Kumar, Arunkumar Bongale, R. Suresh, Industry 4.0 in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), 2022
M. C. Murugesh, R. Suresh, Ajith G. Joshi, Priya Jadhav
People with leg amputations can have normal function with the help of prostheses, which can have the appearance of real legs. A prosthesis is a replacement for an organic limb that may have been lost due to injury or deformation, and the mechanism of a prosthesis is designed to substitute for the function of the amputated limb. Part of a prosthetic limb is the residual limb, which refers to the part of the body that remains following an amputation. The residual limb, which is called the stump, is joined to the prosthesis by a socket (Radosh et al. 2017). The remaining part of the prosthesis is the adaptor which is aligned to the socket. The main function of the adaptor is to correctly assemble the foot below the leg. By studying the patient's walk and posture, especially walking on ground, the total length of the limb, and the balance of the limb during walking, adjustments can be made to the set-up which will allow the patient to walk easily and in a normal way. The underside of the adaptor is connected to the pylon. The pylon is a metallic part with a hollow cross section usually made of stainless steel or titanium that is connected to the socket of the prosthetic foot (Jin et al. 2015).
Evaluating the Effect of an Amputee’s Physical Parameters of Pressure on a Lower-Limb Prosthetic Socket Using a Fuzzy-Logic-Based Model
Published in Satya Bir Singh, Prabhat Ranjan, A. K. Haghi, Applied Mechatronics and Mechanics, 2020
Vimal Kumar Pathak, Chitresh Nayak, Deepak Rajendra Unune
Over the past few years, the requirement for implants and medical devices in orthopedics has undertaken rapid growth due to some important factors including growing elderly population, technology developments, the rise in chronic diseases, and improved healthcare facilities in developing countries. Currently, there are more than 30 million people worldwide having amputations [1] and most of them involve the lower limb at the transtibial level [2]. With the help of prosthesis, amputees can improve the quality of life. The amputation rate in developing countries, including India, is about 45% of diabetic foot problems, with an estimated 50,000 amputations occurring per year [3]. The prosthetic socket act as a critical interface between amputation and residual limb, which is designed and developed in an iterative process by the prosthetist.
Auxetic fibrous materials and structures in medical engineering – a review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
A prosthesis or prosthetic implant is an artificial device that deals with the replacement of damaged or injured body parts. Burriesci and Bergamasco published a patent on annuloplasty prostheses with an auxetic structure. To ensure that the blood flow is unidirectional in the heart, a surgical procedure called annuloplasty is done, which is to repair the damaged heart valve. This procedure requires the implantation of a closed or open ring structure on the annulus of the valve to enable it to recover its physiological shape and therefore its function. The flexibility and mouldability to fit the physiological shape of the annulus without crimping is a boon of the auxetic prosthesis. Also, the auxetic behavior of the prosthesis stabilizes the annulus, which would be beneficial during usage, since the prosthesis undergoes loading in various directions (Scarpa, 2008; Prosthesis & An, 1995).
Electromyography pattern-recognition based prosthetic limb control using various machine learning techniques
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Sushil Ghildiyal, Geetha Mani, Ruban Nersisson
The prosthesis is generally considered an artificial device, which replaces a missing body part. The replacement is needed when a person loses a body part due to an accident, wear and tear, or birth defect. The replaced body part functionally and cosmetically works as same as the physical body part; additionally, it is either removable like prosthetic arms or permanent like a testicle [5]. Different types of prostheses are classified based on whether a part of the affected area is lost or an entire limb is absent. It is also noted that cosmetic replacements or physiotherapies involving new physiology are always potential solutions. Acosmetic prosthetic can emotionally support people when there is a loss or an injury of a body part by adapting to unexpected changes in appearance. One of the main causes hindering clinical translation of ML methods based prosthesis control is an essential requirement for numerous EMG sensors [6]. The brain-machine interface is one of the compelling and sensational areas of research. The control of modular prosthetic limbs is implemented by using an Electrocorticographic (ECoG) [7]. In the study of Ficuciello et al. [8], an EMG is integrated with a voice recognition element to recognise advanced commands and make easy connections with the arm. Due to the convenience, surface EMGs are the major sources of prosthetic limb control, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used for the classification of grasp poses [9].
EUROCORR 2019: ‘New Times, New Materials, New Corrosion Challenges’ Part 4
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2020
A poster examining the electrochemical properties of a bio-inspired coating based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) was given by G. de M. Tavarez Martinez (Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico). Although the projected useful life of a prosthesis is >15 years, premature replacement (7–10 years) is commonly required due to loosening and osteolysis. Longer prosthetic lifetimes have been linked to the denaturation of pseudo-synovial fluid components leading to the development of a carbon-rich film that acts as a solid lubricant. The present work attempted to emulate this layer via ErGO generation and functionalisation on CoCrMo and Ti6Al4 V substrates. Cyclic voltammetry revealed signals due to the reduction of the carboxylic, OH and C–O–C groups in the range of potentials studied. Higher impedance layers were obtained at lower polarisation rates, higher voltages and number of cycles.