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Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Dual scanning is performed with the patient in a prone and then in a supine position on the scan table, with their arms raised above their head. Dual positioning helps to encourage air to rise and distend the bowel dependent on the patient position. In addition, this helps to discriminate between fluid, faeces and polyps. The transverse colon is best demonstrated with the patient in the supine position and rectum is best visualised in the prone position. A flexible rectal catheter is used to intubate the patient’s rectum. The balloon catheter may be required for the first scan; this will assist in ensuring the catheter remains in situ while CO2 gas is introduced into the bowel. The use of a negative contrast agent, such as CO2, is administered using an automated insufflator, typically 1.5 litres with the patient in left lateral position and an additional 1.5 litres in right lateral position (20 mmHg). Figure 5.62c demonstrates a CO2 insufflator. Positioning is aided by the axial, coronal and sagittal laser lights to ensure that the patient is positioned in the central axis of the scanner.
Advances in Patient Setup and Target Localization
Published in Siyong Kim, John Wong, Advanced and Emerging Technologies in Radiation Oncology Physics, 2018
Patients can be set up in either the supine position or the prone position for breast cancer treatments. In the supine position, patients can be set up using the breast board with arms raised over the head, head turned toward the contralateral breast, and chin extended. A matched supraclavicular (SCV) field and/or a medial internal mammary field can be added to cover lymph nodes superior and/or medial to the breast fields. Breath-hold technique may be used for treating the left breast to minimize heart dose. In the prone position, patients can be set up using a prone breast board. The board contains a movable insert at the level of the breast so that the treated breast is allowed to hang below the board while the healthy breast rests on the insert. The prone position can also be used when treating breast tumors without any nodal (internal mammary or SCV) involvement. Studies showed that prone setup reduces the amount of lung and heart volumes irradiated, especially for left breast cancer patients (Lymberis et al., 2012) In general, the supine position is relatively easier to set up than the prone position, while the prone position has less respiratory motion than the supine position for free breathing treatments.
Diagnostic for TTNA using a Thoracic Ultrasound Guidance for Diagnosing Lung Cancer
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
N.N. Soeroso, S. Saragih, F.K. Munthe, S.P. Tarigan, F. Zalukhu, N. Lubis
In terms of position of the patient during the performance of the procedure, we found four different locations in the US-guided TTNA: 38 patients (82.6%) in a supine position, 3 patients (6.25%) in a prone position, 2 patients (4.35%) in a RLD position, and 3 patients (6.25%) in a LLD position. On the other hand, patients under the CT guidance were performed TTNA only in two positions, 36 patients (80%) in a supine position and nine patients (20%) in a prone position. The approach for the needle placement in the CT guidance is usually limited to the axial plane. Angled approaches are more difficult in the CT guidance, and it is an advantage of using the US guidance. The US-guided TTNA allows the use of an oblique, angled approach if necessary (Liao et al., 2013).
Low back pain and biomechanical characteristics of back muscles in firefighters
Published in Ergonomics, 2023
Pui W. Kong, Tommy Y. W. Kan, Roslan Abdul Ghani Bin Mohamed Jamil, Wei P. Teo, Jing W. Pan, Noor Hafiz Abd Halim, Hasan Kuddoos Abu Bakar Maricar, David Hostler
Participants were asked to lie in a prone position on an examination table. A research team member then marked the measurement sites of the longissimus muscles as 2 cm lateral to the L1 spinous process on both left and right sides (Criswell 2010; Kong et al. 2022). In a relaxed state, the passive stiffness (in N/m) of the longissimus muscle was measured using a hand-held myotonometry device (MyotonPRO, Myoton AS, Tallinn, Estonia) (Kong et al. 2018). This device has been used to assess the stiffness of emergency responders (Kong et al. 2022), sports practitioners (Nin et al. 2021) and LBP patients (Wu et al. 2022). The average value of 5 consecutive measurements was used to represent the stiffness of the muscle. To examine the balance between the left and right sides, a symmetry index (%) was calculated using the formula below (Kong et al. 2010): where xR represents the variable of the right side and xL represents the variable of the left side. In addition, the average value of two sides was also calculated to reflect an overall back muscle stiffness of a participant.