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In-Vivo Physiologic Evaluation of Murine Cardiovascular Phenotypes
Published in Robert J. Gropler, David K. Glover, Albert J. Sinusas, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, 2007
Carla J. Weinheimer, Attila Kovacs, Michael Courtois, Carolyn Mansfield
Pressure overload models are meant to mimic the hypertensive condition in human heart disease and induce LV hypertrophy. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a common method used to create left ventricular pressure overload (3,9,10). During this surgery, a ligation is placed on the aortic arch between the carotid arteries. TAC provides a chronic pressure head in adult mice and produces a 25–30% increase in LV mass. This procedure causes LV dilatation acutely, but after 2–3 days, the heart goes through a compensatory hypertrophy that is maximal at approximately 1–2 weeks. Another method for producing LV hypertrophy is the neonatal ascending aortic banding model (NAB). This procedure has been adapted from the original protocol of Lorrel, et al. (4) and involves creating an aortic constriction in weanling mice at day 20 of life, weighing only 5–8 grams. To perform this procedure, a loose suture is tied around the ascending aorta. This method causes a slower developing and more clinically relevant hypertrophy as the young mouse grows into the constriction over time, analogous to a patient gradually developing hypertension. The LV hypertrophy produced from this method is more robust, resulting in a 30–60% increase in LV mass.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or athlete’s heart? A systematic review of novel cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging parameters
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Constantinos Bakogiannis, Dimitrios Mouselimis, Anastasios Tsarouchas, Efstathios Papatheodorou, Vassilios P. Vassilikos, Emmanuel Androulakis
The search for such competent diagnostic modalities is greatly complicated by “athlete’s heart syndrome”. The heart of athletes undergoes a series of alterations to adapt to sustained high workload conditions (George et al., 2012). This structural and functional remodelling leads to adaptive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with enlarged atrial and ventricular cavities (Maestrini, Torlasco, Hughes, & Moon, 2020). The extent of the remodelling depends on the duration and the intensity of training conditions and individually on the blood pressure of each athlete while training (Galderisi et al., 2015; George et al., 2012). The pattern of hypertrophy is associated with the type of training, as concentric hypertrophy is most common in strength sports caused by pressure overload, (Barczuk-Falęcka, Małek, Krysztofiak, Roik, & Brzewski, 2018) while eccentric is mainly spotted in endurance sports due to volume overload (Galderisi et al., 2015; Małek et al., 2019). In mixed type of sports, a mixed type of hypertrophy might develop. Although athlete’s heart conveys no significant risk for the athlete, it overlaps morphologically with high-risk and life-threatening cardiomyopathies including HCM (George et al., 2012).
Investigating the effects of external pressure on coronary arteries with plaques and its role in coronary artery disease
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Jagath Gunasekera, Goksu Avdan, H. Felix Lee, Soondo Kweon, Jon Klingensmith
In this study we envisaged an additional cause for thrombosis. An application of Bernoulli’s principle to 3 D arterial stenosis shows how an increase in blood flow velocity at the maximum stenosis point can cause a negative transmural pressure, which compresses the lumen (Figure 1(a)) [24]. At the same time, if the artery walls are experiencing external pressure, this together with negative transmural pressure, can result in an inward collapse of the arterial wall, potentially leading to a rupture of the plaque causing a thrombosis which will lead to SCD. When a person is undergoing a cardiac arrest, the first and main resuscitation procedure the medical personnel or first responders would perform is CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation). The question is whether this is a safe procedure for a person with coronary artery stenosis due to plaque or whether coughing, performing the valsalva manoeuvre, or sneezing can lead to a life-threatening situation for a person with severe stenosis. All these actions - CPR, sneezing and coughing - could lead to a sharp increase in pressure which can augment exerted external force on the stenotic coronary artery [25–27]. The most recent study by Marino et al. on the effects of pressure overload leading to coronary plaque formation, progression, and myocardial events in mice is a testament to the importance of this study, modelling the external pressure on the human heart [28].
Cardiac structure and function in resistance-trained and untrained adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Abigail M Saunders, Rebecca L. Jones, Joanna Richards
Of particular interest within this review, may be the finding that resistance-trained athletes showed not only greater wall thickness compared to the untrained individuals but also greater LV chamber dimensions. The consequent suggestion that the greater LVM seen within the RT athletes is a result of both chamber dilation and myocardial thickening does not align with the well-known original research of Morganroth et al. (Morganroth et al., 1975) which first reported the pattern of concentric hypertrophy in this mode of athlete. The absence of concentric hypertrophy in the resistance-trained athletes may be explained by multiple factors including insufficient exposure to a pressure overload due to the small duration of time in each repetition (Utomi et al., 2013); variations in the type or intensity of resistance training undertaken by the athletes (Hackett & Chow, 2013; Pelliccia et al., 1993); or the influence of mixed-mode athletes who may have been described as “resistance-trained” but did not correctly report their levels of aerobic exercise.